Experimental Evidence on the Impacts of Need-Based Financial Aid: Longitudinal Assessment of the Wisconsin Scholars Grant

We conduct the first long-term experimental evaluation of a need-based financial aid program, the privately funded Wisconsin Scholars Grant. Over multiple cohorts, the program failed to increase degree completion and graduate school enrollment up to 10 years after matriculation. The program did reduce time-to-degree for some students and modestly increased the number of STEM degrees earned. The lack of robust effects raises important questions about the conditions necessary for financial aid to benefit students.     

艾灸干预腹泻型肠易激综合征大鼠miR 24/SERT/5 HT通路改善内脏高敏感状态实验观察

目的 观察艾灸干预对腹泻型肠易激综合征（diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome，IBS-D）大鼠微小RNA-24（micro RNA-24，miR-24）/5-羟色胺转运体（serotonin transporter，SERT）/5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT）通路的影响，探究艾灸改善IBS-D大鼠内脏敏感性的作用机制。方法 将SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、艾灸组共3组，每组12只。采用母子分离＋醋酸刺激＋慢性束缚法制备IBS-D大鼠模型。艾灸组给予艾灸双侧“天枢”“上巨虚”20 min，连续7 d。分别于34、45、53 d检测各组大鼠体质量、稀便率和腹部回撤反射（abdominal withdrawal reflex，AWR）的最小容量阈值；苏木精-伊红染色检测结肠组织病理学变化；ELISA法测定大鼠血清、中脑、结肠组织中5-HT、SERT、5-羟色胺受体4（serotonin receptor 4，5-HT4R）、降钙素基因相关肽（calcitonin gene related peptide，CGRP）、P物质（substance P，SP）水平的变化；Western blot、RT-PCR检测大鼠中脑、结肠组织中SERT、5-HT4R、CGRP、SP的蛋白及mRNA表达水平；RT-PCR检测中脑、结肠组织中miR-24表达水平。结果 与正常组比较，模型组大鼠稀便率升高（P＜0.05）、AWR最小容量阈值下降（P＜0.05）；血清、中脑、结肠组织中5-HT、5-HT4R、CGRP、SP水平均显著升高（P＜0.05），SERT水平均显著降低（P＜0.05）；miR-24表达水平显著升高（P＜0.05），SERT蛋白及mRNA表达水平均明显降低（P＜0.05），5-HT4R、CGRP、SP的蛋白及mRNA表达水平均明显升高（P＜0.05）；与模型组比较，艾灸组大鼠稀便率下降（P＜0.05），AWR最小容量阈值上升（P＜0.05）；血清、中脑和结肠组织中5-HT、5-HT4R、CGRP、SP水平均显著降低（P＜0.05），SERT水平显著升高（P＜0.05）；miR-24表达水平显著降低（P＜005），SERT的蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著升高（P＜0.05），5-HT4R、CGRP、SP的蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论 艾灸干预改善IBS-D大鼠内脏高敏感性可能与下调miR-24表达，促进SERT对5-HT的重摄取，降低5-HT水平有关。     

清末民事诉讼法的演进

八国联军侵华后,统治阶层意识到以旧有方式延续其统治成为不可能,遂推动例律的修订。此外,西方国家在华享有的领事裁判权,一方面维护了本国国民的利益,另一方面也使华人了解到文明国家的先进诉讼法制。英美日三国与清政府约定以修律换取其领事裁判权的废除,成为修律的直接动机。沈家本等修律大臣先后奏进《刑事民事诉讼法草案》、《民事诉讼律草案》,两份草案各有特色,其中《刑事民事诉讼法草案》尤其特别,兼具英美国家的诉讼特点,而《民事诉讼律草案》则具有浓厚的日本民事诉讼法色彩。     

保护规范理论的始源形态——布勒公权论的再认识

布勒的公权理论可谓保护规范理论的始源形态,应当立足于其历史脉络与整体结构来理解。在布勒的保护规范理论中,法规的强行性排除了裁量规范,但包含不确定法律概念的法规范仍具有强行性。私益保护目的以公私益的划分为基础,构成了布勒保护规范理论的核心要义。援用可能性不同于诉讼可能性,是指受保护的私人可以援用法规范请求行政机关为特定行为。只要法律并未明确排除,即可承认援用可能性的存在。经由布勒保护规范理论所得出的公权具有严格的法规从属性,但也使公权受立法者的宰制。此外,布勒所讨论的公权仅指以特定实体决定为内容的实体性公权,程序性公权被排除在外。在审判实践中,我国法院应对布勒的旧保护规范理论保持警觉,合理地确定行政诉讼的原告资格。     

凉血解毒汤联合窄谱中波紫外线照射治疗玫瑰糠疹临床观察

目的 观察凉血解毒汤联合窄谱中波紫外线照射治疗玫瑰糠疹的临床疗效。 方法 将82例玫瑰糠疹患者随机分为治疗组43例和对照组39例，治疗组口服自拟凉血解毒汤和照射窄谱中波紫外线，对照组仅口服自拟凉血解毒汤，治疗1个月后观察两组玫瑰糠疹严重程度评分（pityriasis rosea severity score，PRSS），皮疹止痒、停发、消退时间和临床疗效。结果 两组患者治疗后PRSS均显著减少（P＜0.05）；两组PRSS差值比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组患者皮疹止痒时间、皮疹停发时间、皮疹消退时间比较，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗组临床疗效优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 口服中药联合窄谱中波紫外线照射治疗玫瑰糠疹，疗效优于单用口服中药且不良反应小。     

益气补肾化瘀方治疗早期糖尿病肾病临床观察

目的 观察益气补肾化瘀方治疗早期糖尿病肾病的临床疗效。方法 将64例早期糖尿病肾病患者分为对照组和治疗组，每组32例。对照组服用缬沙坦，治疗组服用缬沙坦和益气补肾化瘀方，疗程均为12周。比较两组治疗前后中医证候积分、血糖、血压、尿白蛋白排泄率（urinary albumin excretion rate，UAER）、24h尿蛋白定量(24-hour urine protein, 24hUP)、尿白蛋白与尿肌酐比值（urine albumin to creatinine ratio，UACR）变化情况。结果 治疗组临床疗效优于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与治疗前比较，治疗组治疗后中医证候积分显著下降(P＜0.05)，治疗组治疗后中医证候积分降低值显著大于对照组(P＜0.05)。与治疗前比较，两组患者治疗后空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose，FPG）、收缩压、UAER、24hUP、UACR均显著降低(P＜0.05），治疗组治疗后FPG、UAER、24hUP、UACR降低值显著大于对照组(P＜0.05）。结论 益气补肾化瘀方可提高早期糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效，减少尿蛋白。     

Remoteness as a gendered construct

This article explores the potential of using children’s perceptions of distance to reflect a gendered understanding of remoteness. Data collected from 1,549 children in Tanzania concerning their perceptions of remoteness in relation to accessibility of school, health care, and water resources were analysed in reference to their impact on school attendance and performance. Gendered variability in perceived distances to services by children may indicate that remoteness is as much of a social issue as it is a geographic phenomenon, in that girls perceive distance and time between home and destination to be further than boys who travel approximately the same distance.     

2,4,6-Tri(2′-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine for determination of iron(II), Iron(III), and total iron contents on human palms

When iron-based tools, such as knives or guns, are held, traces of iron can transfer to the skin. However, no previous studies have been published regarding the effect of the elapsed contact time on the transfer of iron species with different valences to the palm. Compared with 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (PDT), 2,4,6-tri(2′-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) was found to exhibit a higher sensitivity to iron(II) spectrophotometrically. This work employed 2,4,6-tri(2′-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) and UV spectrophotometry to determine the amounts of iron(II), iron(III), and total iron transferred to human palms from iron tools. It was found that the palmar moisture level was an important factor in determining the amounts of total iron, including iron(II), transferred to the palm. For identical contact times, the amounts of total iron transferred to the palm was proportional to the palmar moisture, and the difference between the maximum and minimum amounts was 12 μg per hand. However, the amounts of iron(II) transferred to the palm gradually decreased over time for low palmar moisture levels, but steadily increased over time for high palmar moisture levels. Additionally, for average levels of palm moisture, the amounts of iron(II) and iron(III) transferred to the palm gradually decreased and increased, respectively, with longer contact times. Notably, this research could serve as a theoretical basis and guide for the detection of trace iron species with different valences on human palms for criminal investigations.     

口蹄疫病毒O型和A型交互反应性单克隆抗体的筛选与鉴定

不同血清型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)之间不能产生交叉免疫保护,但是血清学的交叉反应确实存在。本研究旨在建立一种筛选型间交互反应性抗体的方法,以期为解析FMDV血清型间保守的抗原结构奠定基础。本方法主要依据单个B细胞抗体技术,首先采用两种不同的荧光染料FluoProbes 647H和Pacific Blue分别标记O型与A型FMDV 146S灭活抗原,然后利用流式细胞分选技术,从免疫牛外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中分选出结合两种抗原的特异性B细胞,通过单个B细胞抗体基因测定,获得Ig G抗体重链与轻链可变区编码序列,并将可变区基因插入含有牛IgG抗体恒定区的pcDNA3.4载体中,构建IgG抗体的重链与轻链表达质粒。将重链与轻链表达质粒共转染中国仓鼠卵巢悬浮细胞(CHO-S)进行完整抗体表达。结果显示,通过该方法获得了5株FMDV特异性单克隆抗体,其中4株(H64、R82、I16、R29)经间接免疫荧光(IFA)检测都可特异性识别O和A型FMDV;ELISA结果显示,H64、R82、I16与O、A型抗原均具有较好的亲合力;Western-blot结果显示,I16可特异性结合O、A型FMDV结构蛋白VP2中的线性表位,说明在衣壳蛋白VP2上存在血清型间保守的抗原表位,通过本研究进一步加深了对FMDV抗原结构的认识。