The intellectual legacy of J.E. Hodgetts

Abstract: J.E. (Ted) Hodgetts was influenced by both the political economy approach that he learned at the University of Toronto and by the comprehensive historical method developed by Leonard White, under whom he studied at Chicago. His first great project, Pioneer Public Service, convinced him that responsible government was impossible without responsible public administration. The authors examine how his response to management theories and practices evolved following his participation in the Glassco, Lambert and Gomery commissions. Hodgetts consistently refused the complete separation of politics and administration, and he promoted the use of management techniques to strengthen parliamentary supervision of the public service. The two key components of his legacy are thus a commitment to the democratic values of representative government and the comprehensive study of the internal dynamics of public administration in interaction with the relevant environmental factors.     

Training for development management: Reflections on social know-how as a scientific and technological system

This paper explores the linkages between development, “appropriate” administrative technology and the training of development managers. In so doing, it traces the intimate relationships between development administration, conceptual paradigms and administrative know-how as a scientific and technological system. Orthodoxy, neo-orthodoxy and critical paradigms are discussed and a number of elements to reformulate a development administration paradigm are considered. Based upon this discussion the paper concludes with a tentative outline identifying training needs for development managers and a number of observations about such training: its “appropriatness”, professionalisation and the issue of international cooperation.     

Exploring Strategies and Implications of an Opportunistic Alliance: A Case Study of Pakistan and China

This article seeks to test the validity of ‘balance of threat’ theory as propounded by Stephen Walt that states react to imbalances of threat. It takes into account the factors enumerated by Walt to explore threat perceptions of Pakistan and the strategy they developed to cope with security threats. It attempts to take an overview of Pakistan's security dilemma its responses in twin time frames: the Cold War period (1980–1989) and the post-Cold War period (1990–2000) with relevance to the contemporary period. Pakistan's arms acquisition, upgradation in sophistication of arsenals, increase in fund allocation in defence have all been its tangible tactics to neutralize India's military superiority. Pakistan explored Pan-Islamism to bring the support of the Islamic states. Pakistan also resorted to an active alliance with China, to increase its competency. From a theoretical angle, this article adopts a realist viewpoint, focuses on security concerns of state actors.     

An ethical approach to environmental protection: a code of conduct and guiding principles

Abstract: The World Commission on Environment and Development felt that it was desirable to build a common framework and action plan to communicate across the divides of world cultures, religions, and regions. Towards this, the commission recommended a set of ethical principles concerning environmental protection and sustainable development for states to follow. Canada, among several nations, conceded the need for developing such a code of environmental stewardship through its Green Plan. The purpose of this paper is to discuss: our attitudes towards nature which have resulted in the present state of environmental crisis; the extent the world cultures and religions could assist humanity to change its perspectives towards nature; the need for an environmental code of conduct, its basic principles and tenets; suggested guiding principles for environmental management so that governmental commitment to environmental stewardship is on firmer ground; and the role of the media, non-governmental organizations, and individual citizens in raising the consciousness about the environment through the use of the proposed code. In the end, the arguments presented in support of the suggested code and guiding principles are summarized. Further, an outline of the proposed code and guiding principles is appended. Sommaire: Selon l'avis de la Commission mondiale sur l'Environnement et le Développement, il est souhaitable d'établir un cadre et un plan d'action commun pour communiquer par-delà les divisions culturelles, religieuses et régionales du monde. À cette fin, la Commission a recommandé un ensemble de principes éthiques relatifs à la protection environnementale et au développement durable, que les divers États pourraient adopter. Par l'intermédiaire de son Plan Vert, le Canada s'est déclaré d'accord avec le besoin d'élaborer un tel code de conduite environnementale. Cet article vise à examiner: nos attitudes envers la nature qui ont menéà l'actuelle crise environnementale; dans quelle mesure les cultures et les religions du monde pourraient aider l'humanitéà changer sa façon de voir la nature; la nécessité d'un code de conduite environnementale et l'examen de ses principes fondamentaux; des principes directeurs pour la gestion de l'environnement afin de placer sur des assises plus solides l'engagement gouvernemental envers l'environnement; et le rôle des média, des organismes non gouvernementaux et des particuliers dans la sensibilisation au sujet de l'environnement, par l'intermédiaire du code proposé. À la fin de l'article, on résume les arguments présentés à l'appui du code suggéré et de ses principes directeurs, tous deux décrits sommairement en annexe.     

Fortifying the future of human rights with human rights education

Abstract

Those scholars debating the health of the human rights movement completely ignore the role of human rights education, HRE. Whether it is Samuel Moyn and Stephen Hopgood declaring the demise of what they also term the “human rights project”, or Kathryn Sikkink defending it, none explore the effect HRE is having or can have. This article argues that those who neglect to recognize the substantial and substantive conversation going on in our institutions of higher education cannot provide a complete picture of the human rights project. It will demonstrate which of the naysayers Moyn and Hopgood's arguments are weakened by ignoring HRE and argue that Sikkink's recommendations for human rights efforts can be strengthened by HRE. Also explored is what HRE should learn from the critiques of these three scholars and how university HRE can be improved.     

Small states and compliance bargaining in the WTO: an analysis of the Antigua–US Gambling Services Case

In recent years, studies have challenged the conventional power-based literature to show that a deficiency in resources does not limit a small state's bargaining leverage in international negotiations. However, few studies examine small state influence during compliance bargaining, the post-agreement bargaining to ensure that all signatories comply with the terms of an agreement. Using an interview with a key advisor to the small twin-island state of Antigua and Barbuda during compliance bargaining with the United States (US), and World Trade Organization (WTO) documents, this article examines how a small state can successfully attain bargaining leverage and win against a behemoth state. In this case, Antigua successfully challenged the US ban on cross-border internet gambling and betting services. The article argues that the strategies and tactics that Antigua used within the WTO dispute settlement framework contributed to the country's bargaining leverage and enabled it to punch above its weight.