国际投资仲裁机构对涉及人权问题的投资纠纷的审理

国际投资仲裁的当事人在仲裁中提出人权方面诉求的情况在最近十几年里缓慢地增加了,仲裁庭只有在仲裁管辖条款能够覆盖人权问题,并且当事人所选择的适用法能够为人权问题的解决提供指引的情况下,才能就与投资有关的人权纠纷做出裁决。现有的国际投资仲裁机构自身存在很多缺陷,不适宜作为审理与投资有关的人权问题的理想场所。我国应该支持与投资有关的人权问题主要通过东道国的司法途径进行救济。     

Seeing the improvement of the criminal trial structure from China’s criminal courtroom arrangements (tribunal design)

The setting of criminal court has become an important representation of the criminal trial structure due to its visual and vivid reflection of the legal position and relations among the three parties of litigation, i.e. the prosecuting party, the advocating party and the judge. As a result of the influence of ancient “inquest” centered trial mode, lack of the defendant’s right to silence and incomplete revolution of the criminal trial mode, the existing criminal court setting features an umbrella shaped structure. To reform the criminal trial structure in China, we should eliminate the air of “inquest” from the existing court interrogation mode, strengthen the hearing of evidence and set up a equiangular triangle shaped trial structure of neutral trial, equality between the prosecuting and advocating parties and litigant oriented. __________ Translated from the Jurist Review, 2005, (2) (in Chinese)     

如何看待被告人有罪答辩——辩诉交易的一点启示

美国辩诉交易制度中的合理因素 ,可以为我国刑事司法实践中正确等待被告人有答辩提供借鉴。应当更新诉讼理念 ,将认罪答辩视为被告人作为诉讼主体对刑事程序运作方式的一种选择 ,建立激励被告人自愿作出有罪答辩的机制 ,对此类案件可简化诉讼程序 ,同时应建立对被告人有罪答辩自愿性明智性的审查机制。     

高额外汇储备下的外汇管理问题研究

外汇储备是国际储备的核心,也是国际金融领域的重要问题,它关系到一国调节国际收支和稳定货币汇率的能力,一直受到国际金融机构和各国政府的普遍关注。我国自1994年外汇体制改革以来,外汇储备一直迅速增长,特别是我国加入世贸组织后的四年里,外汇储备的增长速度更是令世人惊叹,到2005年底,已达到8189亿美元。面对如此巨大的储备,如何管理成为当前我们所面临的重要问题。本文通过历史回顾及对现实问题的分析,从外汇储备的安全性和盈利性的角度,提出管理超常储备的几个建议。     

中国刑事证据立法的基本理念

证据制度是一国诉讼制度中重要的组成部分。我国目前证据立法过于粗疏 ,可操作性不强 ,远远不能满足司法实践的需要。合理地重构证据制度 ,应当对传统证据理论进行全面检视 ,在此基础上准确把握现代刑事证据制度藉以立足的基本理念 ,惟此方能实现理性立法。     

迈向理性的刑事诉讼法学——2006年刑事诉讼法学研究述评

2006年刑事诉讼法学的研究主要围绕刑事诉讼基本理论、刑事诉讼法的修改、司法改革以及证据制度等问题进行,体现了如下几点可喜的变化和进步:刑事诉讼法学的学科体系逐渐从注释法学转向理论法学,研究领域不断拓展,在检讨传统刑事诉讼法学基础上出现了一些富有创见的新理论体系;研究方法趋于多样化,特别是实证研究的引入为刑事诉讼法学注入新的活力;刑事诉讼法学研究仍然遵循理论联系实际的原则,体现了理论研究与实践活动的互动。     

论我国审前羁押制度的完善

审前羁押在我国成为对待犯罪嫌疑人的常态化处置方式,其主要原因在于混同了逮捕与羁押从而导致司法审查的缺失以及司法救济的虚无。应当从根本上对审前羁押制度进行改革,实现逮捕与羁押相分离,将逮捕定位于羁押的前置程序并设置独立的羁押审查程序,以控制羁押的适用。在秉持司法授权原则、司法审查原则、司法救济原则以及比例原则等现代审前羁押制度通行原则的基础上,我国审前羁押制度可通过如下具体进路予以完善:坚持检察机关的审查主体定位,完善羁押审查程序,厘清羁押期限问题,强化羁押救济程序,丰富羁押替代措施。     

论印度在东南亚的软实力

印度软实力源自印度悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。印度在东南亚的软实力主要表现为印度对东南亚国家的双边和多边外交、印度对东南亚国家开展的广泛的经济社会文化合作,以及形式多样、丰富多彩的印度文化产品等。与其他西方国家相比,印度在东南亚展示其软实力的手段与方式更加多元化,也更加容易为东南亚国家所接受。     

Validation studies of the ParaDNA® Intelligence System with artificial evidence items

Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling is one of the mostly used systems for forensic applications. In certain circumstances, STR profiling is time-consuming and costly, which potentially leads to delays in criminal investigations. LGC (Laboratory of the Government Chemist, UK) Forensics has developed a robust STR profiling platform called the ParaDNA^® Intelligence Test System which can provide early tactical intelligence and aid investigators in making informed decisions on sample prioritization for detection. Here, we validated the ParaDNA intelligence test for its application in forensic cases using a range of mock evidence items following guidelines set by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Specifically, we tested the sensitivity and accuracy of the ParaDNA intelligence test, as well as the success rates for detecting mock samples and for use in case scenarios. Our findings demonstrate that the ParaDNA intelligence test generates useful DNA profiles, especially for samples such as blood, saliva, and semen that contain ample DNA, indicating the benefits of including ParaDNA as a prior step in forensic STR profiling pipelines.     

Minorities and the free press in Hungary after 1867

SUMMARY

The study analyses the status and the standard of freedom of the press in Hungary in the first decade of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Special attention is paid to libel cases against nationality papers attacking the government in Pest. The author's main purpose is to discuss the limits on the freedom of the press drawn by criminal law, and in addition, to examine the accusations against the oppositional papers and the court practices involved. As a result, the study emphasizes that the picture of ‘the press under a state of siege’ could hardly be verified from the criminal procedures examined. The author does not, however, paint an idealized picture of the freedom of the press. The government in Pest was biased against the nationality papers. Yet even so, in the first ten years of Dualism juries adjusted the official criminal law policy by acquittals of authors and editors. The prosecuting magistracy therefore accepted the independence of the jury and the unreliability of the lay judges, and often withstood the demands of government departments. The members of the government of Hungary accepted the practice instituted by the prosecuting magistracy and ‘instead of strict laws and even more strict courts’ they gave up trying to rule the press by means of the criminal law. The first half of the 1870s thus became a period of a free press, indicating to what extent the parliamentary system and its government in Dualism could ‘practise liberalism without risking its own existence’.