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1.
Violence, attempted escapes, thefts, persistent rule violations, and other extreme forms of maladaptive prison behavior have
created problems for correctional authorities since congregate confinement became the watchword in American corrections. The
evolution of prisoner classification programs has aided prison administrators in their attempts to recognize potential behavioral
problems but the subjective nature of a number of state classification models has resulted in a continuous wave of litigation
and fiscal constraints. The objective of this paper is to provide a prediction model to assist in the classification of adult
prisoners. Data on all members of the Georgia adult, male prison population from 1971 to 1978 were used as a baseline. A sample
was chosen from inmates in long-term disciplinary segregation whose files contained all necessary demographic, psychometric
and judicial variables. A discriminant analysis of these two groups identified 14 variables which correctly assigned inmates
in 85% of the cases. The predictive variables include both demographic and personality characteristics. 相似文献
2.
The fear of crime is generally considered as a social ill that undermines dimensions of individual well-being. Prior research generally specifies the fear of crime as an outcome variable in order to understand its complex etiology. More recently, however, researchers have suggested fear has a deterrence function whereby it reduces individuals’ involvement in violent encounters. This notion could hold important clues to understand the social sources of violence. We examine whether the fear of crime inhibits involvement in violent encounters, both as offender or victim, and if adjustments in routine activities explain these effects. The results suggest fear of crime reduces violence involvement, in part, by constraining routine activities. We conclude that the fear of crime appears to be a mechanism of violence mitigation that, paradoxically, bolsters physical well-being. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for criminological theory and research on interpersonal violence. 相似文献
3.
Bradley T. Brick Terrance J. Taylor Finn-Aage Esbensen 《Journal of criminal justice》2009,37(5):488-495
Citizens' attitudes toward police have been examined in a variety of contexts during the past several decades. Additionally, the importance of juveniles' attitudes towards the police has received considerable attention during the past decade. The current article examines attitudes toward police from a large, multi-site study of sixth to ninth grade youths. Three specific questions were examined: (1) What is the influence of police contact (generally and by different types of contact) on juvenile attitudes toward the police? (2) How does involvement in delinquent subcultures affect these attitudes? (3) How do community contexts and ties influence juvenile attitudes toward the police? Results suggested that community ties and involvement in delinquent subcultures substantially mediate the influence of police contact on juveniles' attitudes toward the police. 相似文献
4.
Most research on violence has focused on males, but recent studies indicatethat females are also involved in violent crimes. Few studies, to date,have examined whether different or similar models explain male and femaleinvolvement in violent behavior. In the current research, we examine therelative contribution of social bond, self-control and social learningconcepts to the explanation of male and female violent offending. We alsoexplore the unique contribution of gang membership, school environment andprior victimization to these explanatory models. Using a multisite sampleof eighth-grade students, we find that results of a Chow test indicate theneed for separate theoretical models. Despite some similarities, differentfactors account for male and female rates of violent behavior. 相似文献
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This paper examines the effectiveness of proactive police patrolling as it pertains to crime reduction. While conventional
squad car patrolling can be seen as proactive, it is generally a reactive form of police behavior. Foot patrols, due in part,
to closer interaction with citizens, and closer proximity to potential crime scenes, more clearly represent the intent of
proactive patrolling. Based upon data recorded by the police department in a city recently experimenting with foot patrols,
this research addresses the issue of whether or not proactive foot patrolling has been successful in reducing crime, both
violent and property offenses, in a downtown commercial area. 相似文献
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The findings from a large body of research on the ecology of violence indicate that individuals demonstrate a willingness to engage in violence to reduce their risk for violent victimization. Scholars have suggested that a reputation for toughness and aggression acts as an informal signal that deters mistreatment. Anderson (1999), in his street code thesis, in particular, argued that adherence to the street code functions as a signal that reduces violent victimization risk. Other research findings, however, reveal that the street code leads to an increase in victimization risk; moreover, violent offenders are routinely victimized at high rates given their lifestyle and routine activities. The evidence, therefore, does not show support for the position that a reputation for toughness or aggression effectively reduces violent victimization. In the current study, we operationalize the concept of nerve, which findings from criminological studies indicate is an important mechanism for protecting adolescents from victimization. Using data from the second national evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training Program, we test this operationalization of nerve to determine whether the concept is associated with later violent offending and violent victimization in ways consistent with theory and research on the ecology of youth violence. Our results demonstrate support for the notion that nerve is positively associated with violent offending, whereas those at the highest levels of this construct experience fewer violent victimizations. 相似文献
9.
Although research has found that gang suppression efforts are largely ineffective, these policies have been responsible for the arrests of many gang youth. Prior research indicates that arrest is associated with deleterious consequences, but we know less about how arrest uniquely affects gang members. Using longitudinal data from a school-based sample, this study explores the effects of arrest for both gang and nongang youth. Propensity score matching and matched outcome analyses allow us to determine whether gang membership moderates the effect of arrest on later deviant outcomes. Our results indicate that the consequences of arrest are inconsistent with the goals of suppression tactics, with gang members reporting little to no change in deviant attitudes and peers and modest increases in delinquency. Meanwhile, nongang youth experience a range of consequences associated with arrest, including increased odds of gang-joining. 相似文献
10.
Gangs and Violence: Disentangling the Impact of Gang Membership on the Level and Nature of Offending