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Drawing on the psychological principle that proximal consequences influence behavior more strongly than distal consequences, the authors tested the hypothesis that criminal suspects exhibit a short-sightedness during police interrogation that increases their risk for confession. Consistent with this hypothesis, Experiment 1 showed that participants (N = 81) altered how frequently they admitted to criminal and unethical behaviors during an interview to avoid a proximal consequence even though doing so increased their risk of incurring a distal consequence. Experiment 2 (N = 143) yielded the same pattern, but with a procedure that reversed the order of the proximal and distal consequences, thereby ruling out the possibility that it was the unique characteristics of the consequences rather than their proximity that influenced the admission rate. The authors discuss the supported psychological process as a potential explanation for several well-established findings reported in the literature on confessions. 相似文献
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Pairs (N = 234) of witnesses and lineup administrators completed an identification task in which administrator knowledge, lineup presentation,
instruction bias, and target presence were manipulated. Administrator knowledge had the greatest effect on identifications
of the suspect for simultaneous photospreads paired with biased instructions, with single-blind administrations increasing
identifications of the suspect. When biased instructions were given, single-blind administrations produced fewer foil identifications
than double-blind administrations. Administrators exhibited a greater proportion of biasing behaviors during single-blind
administrations than during double-blind administrations. The diagnosticity of identifications of the suspect in double-blind
administrations was double their diagnosticity in single-blind administrations. These results suggest that when biasing factors
are present to increase a witness’s propensity to guess, single-blind administrator behavior influences witnesses to identify
the suspect. 相似文献
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Suspects accused of involvement in the same crime can be tried in one multiple-defendant trial. While research has long demonstrated the difficulties of being a juror, no published work has examined whether multiple-defendant trials compound these difficulties. The current research recruited both student and community samples to determine whether trying multiple defendants would increase conviction rates for individual defendants. Every participant watched one of three trial videos – a single defendant against whom the State had a strong case (single-strong), a single-defendant against whom the State had a weak case (single-weak), or a multiple-defendant trial combining both defendants (multiple-defendant). The findings demonstrated an overshare effect – when the defendants were tried together, overall conviction rates for both defendants increased relative to when they were tried alone, though the pattern of results differed by study sample. Although we are unable to provide a definitive mechanism underlying the results, the best explanation seems to be that multiple-defendant trials prompt jurors to engage in a joint evaluation of the defendants, rather than single evaluations of each. Consequently, participant-jurors’ perceptions of each defendant are impacted by how they compare with one another. Thus, the current research casts some doubt on the fairness of multiple-defendant trials. 相似文献
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