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Inferring the Number of Contributors to Complex DNA Mixtures Using Three Methods: Exploring the Limits of Low‐Template DNA Interpretation 下载免费PDF全文
Lauren E. Alfonse M.S. Genesis Tejada M.S. Harish Swaminathan Ph.D. Desmond S. Lun Ph.D. Catherine M. Grgicak Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(2):308-316
In forensic DNA casework, the interpretation of an evidentiary profile may be dependent upon the assumption on the number of individuals from whom the evidence arose. Three methods of inferring the number of contributors—NOCIt, maximum likelihood estimator, and maximum allele count, were evaluated using 100 test samples consisting of one to five contributors and 0.5–0.016 ng template DNA amplified with Identifiler® Plus and PowerPlex® 16 HS. Results indicate that NOCIt was the most accurate method of the three, requiring 0.07 ng template DNA from any one contributor to consistently estimate the true number of contributors. Additionally, NOCIt returned repeatable results for 91% of samples analyzed in quintuplicate, while 50 single‐source standards proved sufficient to calibrate the software. The data indicate that computational methods that employ a quantitative, probabilistic approach provide improved accuracy and additional pertinent information such as the uncertainty associated with the inferred number of contributors. 相似文献
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M S Swaminathan 《Third world quarterly》2013,34(3):553-566
Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development, London and New York: Oxford University Press. 383 pp. Decolonising India National Thought and the Colonial World. Partha Chatterjee, London: Zed Books, 1986 Traditions, Tyranny and Utopias. Ashis Nandy, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987 South Africa in Transition Power Plays: Bargaining Tactics for Transforming South Africa. Pierre du Toit, Halfway House: Southern Book Publishers. 150pp R43.99 pb Transition to Democracy: Policy Perspectives 1991. Robin Lee and Lawrence Schlemmer (eds), Cape Town and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. 278pp £13.95 Political Organisations in South Africa A‐Z. Hennie Kotzé and Anneke Greyling, Translated from Afrikaans by Cecilia van Zyl, Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers, 1991. 255pp R55.95 pb 相似文献
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Shivprasad Swaminathan 《Commonwealth Law Bulletin》2016,42(2):212-235
AV Dicey treated amending power in written constitutions as an adjunct of sovereignty and he treated the body charged with the power of amending the constitution as the repository of sovereignty in the system – not any different in quality from the paradigm: the British Parliament. Debates of a piece with those surrounding parliamentary sovereignty reincarnate in systems with written constitutions as debates about the amending body’s power to amend the written constitution. This essay examines the points of contiguity between the debates about sovereignty in the unalloyed form they take in the British model and that of amending power in India and the methods of limiting parliamentary omnipotence adopted by the two systems. It will be argued that although for a while the Diceyian notion of parliamentary sovereignty reigned supreme, eventually India embraced a view of implied limitations on amending power qualitatively akin to common law constitutionalism that places implied limits on parliamentary sovereignty. 相似文献
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Shivprasad Swaminathan 《The Modern law review》2019,82(1):46-70
Euclidian theories have it that there exist one or a small number of apex principles from which the entire fasciculus of rules of contract law can be logically deduced. Two arguments are marshalled against the Euclidian project. First, that it has been unsuccessfully attempted before – in the form of the nineteenth century contract law treatise which emulated the civil lawyer's rationalistic model, mos geometricus – cautioning us against setting much store by its present reincarnation. Second, that the common law's methodology makes it resistant to this form of theorising. Euclidian theory presupposes a picture of rules on which: a) cases involve an application of logically prior rules; b) rules are reliably identifiable by different actors in the legal system; and c) rules normatively range over an indefinite spectrum of future cases. It will be argued that the common law defies this picture of rules thus rendering Euclidian theory analytically impossible. 相似文献
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Madhura Swaminathan 《发展研究杂志》2013,49(4):535-551
This article estimates the determinants of earnings among workers in low income settlements of Bombay. It uses panel data on workers in two homeless (pavement‐dwelling) communities and two slum communities. The estimated earnings functions, adjusted for community‐ and time‐specific fixed effects, show a good fit. Age and education are significant in all the regressions; however, some of the job‐related variables appear to be more important than the standard human capital variables in determining earnings. In conclusion, while a complex set of factors seem to determine earnings of workers in low‐income communities, institutional factors play an important role. 相似文献
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Liverpool Law Review - The law of frustration is tantalizingly simple when it comes to stating it, but incredibly hard when it comes to applying. One would be getting the wrong end of the stick if... 相似文献
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Madhura Swaminathan 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(3):92-114
In recent years, an important item on the agenda of economic reformers in India has been to reduce the scale of food subsidies, by means of targeting the system of public distribution of food (PDS). A recent World Bank study makes concrete suggestions for reform of the PDS and these are examined critically in this article. Specifically, 1 argue against narrow targeting and in favour of broad targeting or near‐universal provision of the PDS. I also argue that a strong and effective system of procurement needs to be maintained and this requires the continuation of an organisation such as the Food Corporation of India. The lesson from Kerala is that strong political support is essential for establishing and maintaining an effective system of food security. 相似文献
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Liverpool Law Review - In his inaugural address as the Vinerian Professor of English law in 1883, Albert Venn Dicey laid down the vision for a new pedagogy for the common law to replace the... 相似文献
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Neil Andersson Aparna Swaminathan Charlie Whitaker Melissa Roche 《Third world quarterly》2013,34(5):873-887
Mine-risk education programmes will fall short of their intended impact for as long as they fail to take into account local responses—knowledge, logic and everyday practices—to mine threats. Community information, systematically collected through household and institutional surveys, can help to define and understand endogenous ‘mine smartness’. The same evidence provides insight into the impact of mine-risk education, including its unintended consequences. Using six criteria of mine smartness, ciet carried out evaluations of mine-risk education in Afghanistan (1997) and Angola (1999). The first clear lesson to be drawn from these evaluations is that people in mine-affected areas do generate their own broadly effective means of facing the daily threat of mines. The second lesson is that people take risks for reasons that make sense to them: ‘education’ that landmines are dangerous probably adds little value for them. The third lesson is that mine-risk education that does not take into account these first two lessons can cause harm. The evaluations produced evidence of unintended risk-taking by people exposed to mine-risk education programmes. 相似文献
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