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1.
Local government reforms in contemporary Russia are placed in the broader contexts of political reform under Putin and the historical relationship between local administration and the state. Reforms of local government thus help illuminate the architecture of contemporary state building in Russia and the degree to which contemporary Russia perpetuates political traditions. This study reviews the antecedent action in local government prior to the Putin era. It then examines the Kozak Commission and the new law on local government, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of these reforms. Finally, this study examines the challenges of implementing the reforms and what these challenges tell us about devolution and centralisation under Putin. 相似文献
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在法医学检案中,经常要对尸体上的损伤进行检验以确定生前伤或死后伤,并要鉴定损伤时间.损伤超过8小时者一般用常规组织学方法可以解决,但损伤后经过时间较短,单用组织学方法不能解决,如利用酶活性反应方法和利用在组织内细胞内进行特异、灵敏、稳定的抗原抗体反应,可以较准确鉴定损伤时间.Perper J. A. Raek Allio、Tanaka、Fatteh等报导用组织化学方法鉴定损伤时间,祝家镇、刘世仓教授近年来也有报道,但用免疫组化学方法来鉴定损伤后早期时间,就作者所知,国内、外未见报道,而FN在创伤愈合过程中的作用国内外已有报道.本文 相似文献
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Large-scale privatization is an unfamiliar area of public policy. The practice and study of property reforms and privatization
needs to include mesolvel phenomena such as laws, regulations, institutions and standard operating procedures. There has been
little comparative analysis of privatization programs around the world. The author argues that analysts should compare the
most immediately relevant institutional environment of the enterprise. Conceptually, this mesolevel system is situated between
the firm and the macroeconomy. This system of action is especially fruitful for cross-national comparisons of privatization
programs because it is at this level that privatization strategies are designed. The problem for Eastern Europe and for less-developed
countries is lack of experience with the relatively light economic regulation that characterizes industrial countries. Government
leaders must also decide how much effort to devote to privatization of state-owned enterprises and how much to fostering private
sector investment in new firms.
Ernest J. Wilson, III is affiliated with the National Security Council, Washington, D.C. 相似文献
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Eighteen external quality assessment (proficiency testing) samples were prepared from client specimens collected with the Intercept® oral fluid collection device and by spiking drug-free oral fluid. Samples were circulated in pairs at quarterly intervals to 13 UK and USA based laboratories for analysis by a panel of OraSure micro-plate Intercept® enzyme immunoassay kits and hyphenated mass spectrophotometric techniques. During the survey, there was a single case of non-specificity in a false report for methadone. The major errors were of lack of sensitivity relative to the concentration thresholds specified for the immunoassays. The sensitivity for overall ‘present’/‘not found’ reports calculated as true positives/(true positives + false negatives) were for the amfetamine specific assay 50%, methyl-amfetamines 93%, barbiturates 64%, cannabinoids 73%, cocaine and metabolites 100%, benzodiazepines 69%, methadone 95%, opiates 79% (opiates excluding oxycodone 93%), phencyclidine 93% and human gamma-globulin 97%. A small number of the sensitivity errors were attributable to errors in chromatographic confirmation techniques. 相似文献
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This paper describes some of the spinoff benefits that can result from R&D projects, and categorizes them in terms of the dimensions of market and technical newness. These dimensions are discussed with reference to two types of spinoffs: 1) alternative market applications, when the results of an R&D project are subsequently applied to a market or use that differs from the originally intended application, and 2) second-generation technologies, when the technology that was the subject of an R&D project is significantly altered or enhanced in unanticipated ways through subsequent R&D. Examples from the Department of Energy's Energy-Related Inventions Program are integrated into the results of literature review to illustrate key concepts, including core technologies, degrees of market and technology newness, technology robustness, and the nature of connections linking spinoffs to prior R&D investments. The paper concludes by discussing spinoffs as a managerial strategy. 相似文献
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When dying is all that awaits them, more and more people are choosing certain death now rather than uncertain life on medical support systems. But the decision seldom comes easy, as a Newsweek reporter discovers during three weeks with the doctors, nurses, patients and families in an intensive-care ward. A best-selling guide to suicide fires debate over when it is right to let life go--and who should make that choice when the patient no longer can. 相似文献
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