SUPERVISING VISITS BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD

Serious conflicts can arise when contacts between a child and a parent require supervision unless specific guidelines and objectives are clarified for all involved parties. This article discusses supervision objectives, the importance of maintaining the parent-child relationship, instances warranting recommendation for no parental contact, qualifications of the supervisor, and practical guidelines for supervision.     

加纳经济的增长谜题:国外援助是不是重要的决定因素

重新审视研究了国外援助及其他因素对加纳经济增长的意义和影响。自加纳共和国独立以来,外商通过不同的渠道在加纳进行投资,目前约占国家预算的40%。那么,这些来自发达国家的资源是否对加纳的经济发展产生了积极的影响呢?为了解决这一难题,运用简单的最小二乘法(OLS),选取了包括国外援助在内的5个独立变量对加纳26年的经济增长进行了回归运算。其中,经济的波动体现在加纳1982年到2007年之间国内生产总值(GDP)的变化上。文中数据取自历年相关书籍,经合组织档案与公共文献。本文的研究证明,国外援助是一国经济增长的重要决定因素。数据显示,国外援助在1982年至2007年的26年里对加纳的经济增长产生了重大而积极的影响。     

Law representing life — Reflections on Darwinian jurisprudence

A living organism is a model of the world in which it lives ... if you present an animal's body, even a new species previously unknown to science, to a knowledgeable zoologist, she should be able to read its body and tell you what kind of environment it inhabited: desert, rain forest, arctic tundra, temperate woodland or coral reef. She should be able to tell you, by reading its teeth and its guts, what it fed on. Flat, millstone teeth indicate that it was a herbivore; sharp, shearing teeth that it was a carnivore. Long intestines with complicated blind alleys indicate that it was a herbivore; short, simple guts suggest a carnivore. By reading the animal's feet, and its eyes and other sense organs, the zoologist should be able to tell how it found its food. By reading its stripes or flashes, its horns, antlers or crests, she should be able to tell something about its social and sex life.¹ My thanks to Bobbi Low who put me on to the step-parenting material, and Richard Dawkins who put me right on the science.     

Interpersonal Correlates of Peer Victimization Among Young Adolescents

Empathy, prosocial behavior, the number of friends, self-reported popularity, and various forms of interpersonal forgiveness were examined as predictors of peer victimization among 52 7th and 8th graders attending a private school. Popularity was the strongest individual predictor of teacher-reported victimization with high popularity associated with low victimization. Malestudents reported significantly higher rates of victimization than females, prompting the decision to examine correlates of self-reported victimization separately by gender. Interpersonal forgiveness scores were the strongest predictors of self-reported victimization; however, different forms of forgiveness were the greatest predictors of male and female self-reported victimization. Implications are discussed.     

On the Nature of Tolerance: Dichotomous or Continuous?*

The purpose of this article is to reconsider the claim made recently by Mondak and Sanders that political tolerance ought to be thought to be a dichotomous rather than continuous variable. Using data from both Russia and the United States, I demonstrate that those Mondak and Sanders regard as uniquely tolerant are most likely no more than people who were given insufficient opportunity to express their intolerance. Even if such a phenomenon of “absolute tolerance” exists (all ideas expressed in all ways are to be tolerated), it is sufficiently rare that few practical implications are indicated for those doing empirical work on political tolerance and intolerance. * I appreciate the valuable comments of Jeffcry Mondak on an earlier version of this paper.