Facing death in the early days of life: Inequality between the sexes in enlightenment demographic thought

The first measurements of differential mortality by sex took place at the end of the seventeenth century. Once its existence has been clearly shown during the eighteenth century by the works of Struyck, Kersseboom, Süssmilch, Deparcieux and others, what analysis emerged? If one of the two sexes benefited from a longer life, was this rule valid in all places and for all ages? All the demographers observed that such a difference began during infancy and childhood. How can it be explained that children were not equal in the face of death? Why did so many boys die before their teenage years? We can find several types of explanation: the will of God, the natural order, the biological constitution and the social habits of children of more than one year old.     

Multi application smart card schemes: Data protection: multi-application smart cards: the use of global unique identifiers for cross-profiling purposes — Part I

This article, consisting of three parts, will comment on how the opportunities offered by multi-application smart card schemes can be reconciled with data protection requirements. In the first part, the focus will be on the regulatory framework of the smart card manufacturer and the legal requirements to develop less privacy-killing technologies. Hereafter, some technical solutions will be proposed to demonstrate that multi-application smart card technology can be reconciled with the principles of personal data protection legislation. In the third and final part, the communication of personal data through electronic communications networks will be analysed. In relation hereto, it must be indicated that intelligent servers will become increasingly important to assure the interoperability between different application providers and different smart card schemes.     

La Communauté Européenne,Entre Etat FéDéral et FéDération D'Etats

Du traité de Rome au traité d'Amsterdam, la construction européenne a élaboré sa Constitution politique latente. Entre Etat fédéral et Fédération d'Etats, il s'agit de la quête d'un concept. Deux paradigmes juridiques sont mis à l'épreuve: l'idée d'un droit des citoyens du monde qui se voit aujourd'hui réactualisée dans la perspective d'une démocratie cosmopolitique supposant un véritable Etat (Habermas, Held), et le droit des peuples, réinvesti dans la perspective constructiviste d'une "société politique des nations bien ordonnés" (Rawls). Paradigme "supranational" des droits de l'homme, ou paradigme "international" du droit des gens. La Constitution implicite de l'Union européenne ne se réduit pas à celle d'une Société des nations. Son originalité consisterait plutôt à consacrer, sur le plan d'un droit des gens, les valeurs transposées des droits de l'homme, ceci sur un spectre large qui comprendra sans doute les droits d'intégrité (ou droits civils fondamentaux), de par-ticipation (droits civiques fondamentaux), de solidarité (droits sociaux fondamentaux), de personnalité (droits moraux fondamentaux).     

Model of a social research function for social programming organizations

Abstract. A specific model of objectives, organization structure, and typical procedures of a social research branch cf a provincial government department is presented. The objectives refer to identification of needs, program evaluation, and program-planning assistance. The organization structure emphasizes the types of staff positions used and four organizational characteristics which appear to account for the success of the relationship between the branches of the department. Three general procedures are described as typical to a social research unit. It is concluded that the model can be integrated within a planning function, that it is limited, and that the research data and strategies have proved useful within and outside the department. Sommaire. Un modèle particulier est présenté concernant les objectifs, la structure d'organisation, et les procédures typiques à un service de recherche sociale d'un département d'un gouvernement provincial. Les objectifs se résument à l'identification des besoins, l'évaluation des programmes, et l'aide à la planification des programmes. Les points importants de la structure d'organisation sont les types de positions du personnel et quatres caractéristiques organisationnelles qui ont semblées ètre à I'erigine du succès de la relation entre les services du département. Treis procédures générales et typiques du service de recherche sociale sont décrites. Il est conch que le modèle peut faire partie d'un service de planification, que le modèle n'est pas toujours applicable, et que les données et les stratégies de recherche furent utiles au département de même qu'à d'autres organisations.     

Laryngeal teflonoma identified by Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy after forensic autopsy: an interesting tool for foreign material identification in forensic cases

Forensic pathologists are sometimes confronted with microscopic foreign bodies mixed in with soft tissues surrounding wounds and which are thus difficult to identify. This identification, however, could be primordial in investigating a crime and in determining the weapon used. A case of a fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to conjoining suicidal drug intoxication and laryngeal obstruction by a voluminous foreign body giant cell granuloma is presented. The classical histological examination showed exogenous particles in the vocal cord tumor with birefringent qualities. Their analysis with Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry coupled with infrared microscope allows the determination of their chemical nature as polytetrafluoroethylene and to the diagnosis of teflonoma. This case report put the emphasis on the forensic interest of the FTIR imaging.     

Harmonious World and China’s Foreign Economic Policy: Features,Implications, and Challenges

Analysts oddly have neglected the foreign economic implications of China’s harmonious world and harmonious society doctrines. This article specifies the foreign economic policy effects of both, collectively termed harmonious world plus (HWP). It shows that HWP implies China’s continued integration into the global economic system, acceptance of the extant international economic order, and backing for increased cooperation and exchange, provided it is mutually beneficial. It further demonstrates that HWP implies support for global development, self-reliance, and multilateralism. Beyond this, the study reveals that HWP is likely to influence China’s interactions with international economic institutions, foreign investors, and its international resource dealings. Generally speaking, this article shows that China is making progress adhering to most of the tenets of HWP, though there are some areas for concern. It also reveals that convergences and divergences between HWP and China’s actual policies are attributable to national interests, China’s limited capabilities, and domestic politics. Jean-Marc F. Blanchard is associate director of the Center for U.S.-China Policy Studies and associate professor in the Department of International Relations at San Francisco State University (SFSU). He also is a Board Member of and Research Director for the Association of Chinese Political Studies. Dr. Blanchard’s research interests include China’s integration into the global economic system, China’s interactions with multinational corporations, Chinese multinational corporations, Sino-Japanese relations, and Chinese territorial and maritime issues. He is a co-editor of Harmonious World and China’s New Foreign Policy (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2008), a co-editor of and contributor to Power and the Purse: Economic Statecraft, Interdependence, and National Security (London: Frank Cass, 2000), and the author of 20 book chapters and refereed journal articles.     

Kyoto Mechanisms: Key Issues for Policy-makers for COP-6

This article provides an assessment of the "Kyoto mechanisms" – joint implementation, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and emissions trading established pursuant to Articles 6, 12 and 17 of the Kyoto Protocol. It focuses on significant policy issues raised by supplementarity, liability, equity and the design considerations relevant to operationalizing the mechanisms nationally and internationally.