The conditional impact of winner/loser status and ideological proximity on citizen participation

Many scholars have investigated the relationship between ideological orientations and mass participation, and there is also a growing number of studies comparing political attitudes and behaviour between electoral winners and losers. This article seeks to bring together these two strands of literature with respect to political participation, focusing on the interaction between citizens’ winner/loser status and ideological distance from their government. Analysis of data from 34 countries highlights the importance of this interactive effect: while previous works suggest that losers have a greater propensity to take part in political activities, it is shown here that this relationship holds true only when losers occupy a position along the left‐right spectrum distant from the government. Furthermore, while the hypothesised interactive effect is empirically confirmed for turnout, the magnitude of its impact is much greater for more costly modes of participation such as contacting, campaigning and protesting     

专利的品质、价值与价格初探

从知识产权的发展历史探讨其文化内涵及其正负面影响，进而具体探讨专利的品质、价值与价格的种种现状，并质疑似是而非的学理和实务状态，用以界定专利品质、价值与价格的意义、问题、产生、评量及其相互层次逻辑关系，以期使所有投入知识产权的资源能产生有品质、有价值及有价格的知识产权。