国际人道主义法的危机——驻伊美军虐待俘虏事件的若干法律问题分析

战争的残酷性使得人们更为关注生命尊严的价值,国际人道主义法亦随之得以发展。然而,近期曝光的驻伊美军虐待战俘事件,侵犯了战俘的生命健康权、人格权、中诉及公平审判权,严重违反国际人道主义法,而现行国际法与国内法机制均无法有效地惩罚这种违法行为。因此,为了真正保护国际人权,惩治战争犯罪,应增强国际刑事法院等组织的地位。     

九一一事件以来美国反恐过程中的主导性隐喻及其后果

九一一事件后,国际反恐行动似乎已陷入"越反越恐"的怪圈,这与人们对恐怖主义的"越描越恐"密切相关,而隐喻的存在及广泛使用是导致"越描越恐"的重要原因。在恐怖主义的治理中,作为必不可少的思维方式,涉恐隐喻具有启发性,但也因其随意性、凸显与隐藏的特征,限制了人们关于恐怖主义的思想和行为。在美国涉恐的政治、媒体和学术话语中,"恐怖主义是战争""恐怖主义是野蛮的东西""恐怖主义是疾病"和"恐怖主义是不受欢迎的植物"是占主导地位的隐喻。这些隐喻深植于历史、人们的恐惧、社会系统和舆论中,很大程度上代表了人们对恐怖主义的正统看法。进行隐喻分析,使用多种隐喻,一定程度上能缓解隐喻陷阱,但仍不能消除它。因此,在恐怖主义治理的过程中,坚持"犯罪"隐喻为主导、灵活使用多种措施、重建受损的政治秩序、减少对无辜平民的伤害和对穆斯林的歧视尤为重要。     

军事伦理学应当研究道德战范畴

在军事领域,道德通过影响军人的心灵与心智,起着巩固、扩大己方力量,削弱、分化、瓦解敌方的重要作用。在军事斗争中,敌对双方利用道德的功能展开相互间的较量导致了道德战这一特殊军事斗争样式。军事伦理学应当深入研究道德战,以充分发挥道德服务于战争的功能。     

抗战时期中国共产党对国民党地方实力派的统战工作

国民党地方实力派是中国近代历史条件下演化出来的情况复杂、派系众多的军事政治集团,中共与这些派系的关系是国共关系史的重要组成部分。国民党地方实力派在抗战时期表现不同,因而中共的统战政策也随之有所变化。对这一时期统战工作的研究或许对目前的台湾问题有所启示。     

中国抗日战争的世界意义

抗日战争是中华民族近代史上第一次取得完全胜利的民族解放战争,是世界反法西斯战争的重要组成部分。充分认识中国人民为夺取世界反法西斯战争的胜利做出的历史性贡献,正视日本军国主义曾经给我国及亚太地区人民带来的深重灾难,对于我们正确认识和牢记历史,反对日本右翼势力篡改和美化侵略战争,警惕军国主义势力东山再起,与各国人民一道共同维护世界和平,具有重要而深远的意义。     

冷战后欧美关系演变中的文化因素

美欧之间共同的价值观和共同的利益是大西洋两岸在冷战期间紧紧捆绑在一起的动力,但是冷战结束后,美欧矛盾逐步酝酿演变。其深藏着的文化因素方面的差异,将不断地在其对外战略和外交政策上体现出来,欧美关系的重建将会经历一个痛苦的过程。     

Doctrine and violence: The impact of combatant training on civilian killings

Military theorists and practitioners have long argued that training shapes how combatants treat civilians during war. Yet there is little systematic evidence regarding the impact of training on wartime behavior, and almost none for non-state armed groups, despite the fact that such groups intensively train their fighters in order to shape their behavior towards civilian populations. This article argues that among insurgent groups that emphasize the strategic and tactical importance of restraint towards civilian populations, political training can reduce civilian killings. We test the observable implications of our theory in the case of Colombia, using survey data on former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) insurgents and sub-national data on civilian killings. We find support for our hypothesis, with results that are robust to a range of model specifications and controls, including alternate sources of combatant discipline and obedience, such as military training and punishment.     

Chinese warfare and politics in the ancient East Asian international system,CA. 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.

Ancient East Asia is the second oldest “protobellic area” and pristine state system of international relations within the global international system, after West Asia (ancient Near East). In a previous study Cioffi‐Revilla and Lai (1995) reported the first findings on the origins and evolution of war and politics in ancient China (Legendary, Xia [Hsia], Shang, and Western Zhou [Chou] periods), ca. 2700 B.C to 722 B.C In this paper we make public an expanded data set (N = 104 cases, 12 variables; version 2.0), explaining our sources, measurements, and data quality control procedures. The new data set will permit investigators to test hypotheses about warfare distributions, ethnic and protracted conflicts, time series, periodicity, system dynamics, and structural relationships (e.g., war‐polarity theories). This new long‐range data set should also promote a new stage in comparative analyses of the universal and particular properties of warfare and international systems, both cross‐polity and longitudinally.     

One anthropologist’s answer to Glenn D. Paige’s question challenging peace studies

ABSTRACT

Glenn D. Paige pioneered in the revolutionary development of a far-reaching transformation of science, academia, and society from a killing to a nonkilling worldview, values, and attitudes. For six decades, anthropology has been accumulating scientific empirical evidence and rational arguments demonstrating that nonkilling societies exist, thereby rebutting the simplistic biological determinist myth that human nature inevitably and universally generates violence and war. Nevertheless, Hobbessians persist in their echo chamber advertising and celebrating the innate depravity of the human species as apologists for war and peace resisters. This systemic bias operates in synergy with the American industrial-military-media-academic complex and culture, the latter exemplified by a revealing comparison of war and football. With great intellectual courage and creative thinking, Paige critically challenges the anachronistic Hobbesian paradigm and offers a far more compelling and positive alternative for sustainable peace in the future.     

The CPGB,the Connolly Association and Irish communism, 1945–1962

This article examines the relationship between the Communist Party of Great Britain and Irish communists in both Ireland and Britain in the post-war era. It argues that the British party’s strategic interest in Ireland gradually waned as it became apparent that Irish communism would remain divided by the border. The article also argues how, in Britain, competition between the nationalist Anti-Partition League and the communist dominated Connolly Association led the latter to abandon cold war sectarianism and to adopt a ‘broad strategy’ championing civil rights in Northern Ireland. The article draws out the key role played by Charles Desmond Greaves in this process, whilst noting the importance of factionalism and external factors, notably the Irish Republican Army’s Border Campaign.