Animal Scavenging and Scattering and the Implications for Documenting the Deaths of Undocumented Border Crossers in the Sonoran Desert,

Since 1998, over 5500 people have died while attempting to cross the U.S.–Mexico border without authorization. These deaths have primarily occured in the Arizona desert. Despite the high volume of deaths, little experimental work has been conducted on Sonoran Desert taphonomy. In this study, pig carcasses were used as proxies for human remains and placed in different depositional contexts (i.e., direct sunlight and shade) that replicate typical sites of migrant death. Decomposition was documented through daily site visits, motion-sensitive cameras and GIS mapping, while skeletal preservation was investigated through the collection of the remains and subsequent faunal analysis. Our results suggest that vultures and domestic dogs are underappreciated members of the Sonoran scavenging guild and may disperse skeletal remains and migrant possessions over 25 m from the site of death. The impact of scavengers and the desert environment on the decomposition process has significant implications for estimating death rates and identifying human remains along the Arizona/Mexico border.     

饲养动物侵权责任的法律适用探析

动物侵权的问题不仅关系到公民个人权利的法律保障,从更高层面上看,还关系到人与自然的和谐。人类基于各种目的饲养动物,不可避免地发生动物致人损害的责任问题。法律的功能在于定纷止争,这类问题自然是侵权责任法律制度的一个重要调整对象。《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》①的颁行,为这一领域提供了法律规范的依据。本文在对前后立法变化进行说明的基础上,解析了侵权责任法中关于饲养动物致人损害责任问题的相关规定,以期为正确适用法律提供有益借鉴。     

The effect of feeding enrichment upon reported working ability and behavior of kenneled working dogs

It is widely recommended that kenneled dogs are provided with environmental enrichment such as toys or feeding devices. However, the adoption of enrichment for military working dogs is impeded by a widespread belief that it reduces their motivation to work. Handlers of 22 working German Shepherd dogs were asked to rate their dogs on 11 attributes pertaining to working ability, related behavioral traits, and health. Eight of the dogs were then provided with daily feeding enrichment for 4 months, while the remainder were given equivalent human attention. The same 11 traits were scored again following the enrichment period: 10 changed little over the period while handlers' reports of their dogs' Ability to learn from being rewarded increased significantly. Changes for all attributes were virtually identical in enriched and control dogs. We conclude that if correctly managed, feeding enrichment can be introduced to kenneled working dogs without any reported detrimental effects upon working ability, health, or behavior.     

四维一体疗法治疗粘连性肠梗阻临床研究

目的 观察四维一体疗法治疗粘连性肠梗阻的临床疗效。方法 将87例粘连性肠梗阻患者随机分为观察组（45例）和对照组（42例）。对照组给予外科基础治疗，观察组除外科基础治疗外，给予四维一体疗法治疗，即中药辨证胃管注入、中医辨证敷脐、中医辨证灌肠、中医针刺。治疗结束后观察两组腹痛缓解时间、自主排气时间、自主排便时间、泛影葡胺到达升结肠和降结肠时间，并观察临床疗效及中转手术率。结果 与对照组比较，观察组腹痛缓解时间、自主排气时间、自主排便时间以及泛影葡胺到达升结肠和降结肠时间明显缩短，差异均有统计意义（P＜0.05）。两组临床疗效比较，差异无统计意义（P>0.05）。观察组中转手术率较对照组明显降低，差异有统计意义（P＜0.05）。结论 在外科基础治疗的基础上，联合中医四维一体疗法治疗粘连性肠梗阻疗效确切，能够提高临床疗效，缩短患者康复时间和降低中转手术率。     

不同抗体对青海血蜱唾液腺蛋白组分的识别差异

通过利用青海血蜱唾液腺蛋白皮下注射绵羊和将蜱在绵羊体直接饲喂2种免疫途径制备了2种阳性血清。利用这2种阳性血清分别与青海血蜱唾液腺天然蛋白进行免疫学反应,结果显示青海血蜱唾液腺中分子质量为22 ku和37 ku的2种天然蛋白能被利用蜱唾液腺蛋白皮下注射绵羊产生的阳性血清所识别,而不能被蜱叮咬的绵羊的阳性血清所识别。结果表明,在蜱正常叮咬宿主动物时,其唾液腺内的某些组分不与宿主的免疫系统相互作用,但这些组分具有免疫原性。     

The Food Preferences of the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina Offered Human Blood,Semen and Saliva,and Various Nonhuman Foods Sources

As human DNA profiles can be obtained from blow fly artifacts, this study aimed to establish the feeding preferences of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) blow flies when offered human biological fluids and nonhuman food sources. One‐day‐old and 3‐day‐old blow flies of both sexes were simultaneously offered human blood, semen and saliva, pet food, canned tuna and honey, and the number and length of visits documented over 6 h. One‐day‐old flies visited pet food and honey most often, but stayed longest on honey and semen. Three‐day‐old flies visited semen and pet food most often, and stayed longest on these food sources. Blood and saliva were the least preferred options for all flies. Overall, flies preferred dry blood and semen to the wet forms. These findings demonstrate that even when other food sources are available, flies at a crime scene may feed on human biological fluids if present, potentially transferring human DNA.     

试论网络时代的后喻文化特征

人类的发展离不开文化的传递，人类文化的传递有不同的模式。进入网络时代，人类的文化传递模式发生了革命性的变革，青少年获得文化知识、价值观念、行为方式的途径发生了根本转变。在家庭中，青少年虽然仍然接受父母的教导，但同时在许多方面却能够对父母进行文化反哺，特别是在数字技术、流行文化、时尚休闲等方面，具有明显的话语权，在文化传承上表现出明显的后喻文化特征。这种后喻文化特征对家庭亲子关系和亲子之间的互动方式产生强烈冲击，并对青少年的社会性发展与健康成长产生深远影响。