A comparison of the Russian 13% flat rate PIT evasion stratified contributions and the US tax schedule

This paper reviews the existing literature on consumer credit reporting, the most extensively used instrument to overcome information asymmetry and adverse selection problems in credit markets. Despite the copious literature in economics and some research in regulatory policy, the legal community has paid almost no attention to the legal framework of consumer credit information systems, specially within the context of the European Union. Studies on the topic, however, seem particularly relevant in view of the establishment of a single market for consumer credit. This article ultimately calls for further legal research to address consumer protection concerns and inform future legislation.      

Error minimization and deterrence in agency control

In the presented oversight model, in which a regulatory agency may collude with regulatees, a watchdog organization may scrutinize the agency’s decision-making and find evidence speaking for collusive behavior. Found evidence is of a specific, stochastic quality. Courts will overturn the administrative decision when the evidence presented in court exceeds a minimum quality standard set by the political principal. Lowering the quality standard increases the odds of finding evidence of sufficient quality and, hence, leads to increasing collusion deterrence and to a lower probability of acquitting collusive administrators (type I error), but also to a higher probability of convicting an innocent administrator (type II error). It is shown that, when welfare-maximization gives rise to an interior solution, the welfare-maximizing standard of evidence is lower than the one that merely minimizes the costs of legal errors without taking deterrence costs into account, but will imply incomplete deterrence. However, conditions can and will be identified under which both error cost minimization and complete deterrence coincide with welfare-maximization.     

当前中国司法改革的三大误区

当前中国司法改革存在着三大误区,即司法机关中心化、突破现行立法进行改革、司法机关各自为政.论文分析了三大误区在实践中的表象、成因及弊端,提出了应确立"法律至上"与"以民(人)为本"两个基本理念,同时应尽快成立全国统一的司法改革委员会.     

论刑事案件的新闻报道原则

刑事工作和对刑事案件开展的新闻报道构成对立统一的辩证关系,为了建立两者的和谐良性互动,应从价值、真实标准、控制力量、信息、程序等方面对两者进行比较分析。在以马列主义等科学哲理和依法治国目标等为主要内容的指导思想指引下,新闻工作应避免与前者消极的冲突,寻找共赢的互补,坚持"三个有利于"的标准选择案件进行报道,遵守合法、平衡和全程、无罪推定、追求客观真实,尊重法律真实等原则。     

论公民对行政执法的监督

公民对行政执法的监督是社会监督的重要组成部分。目前,公民监督已取得了一定的成就.但公民监督的作用远 没有得到发挥。完善公民监督,应当加大普法宣传的力度,强化对公民监督的法律保障,完善公民监督的有效途 径,实行政务活动公开化,完善听证制度。     

美国不当搜查对策体系析解

经过两百多年的发展,美国建立了相当发达的不当搜查对策体系。不当搜查对策体系确立的基础是国家的诉讼价值取向及社会对“正义误差”的认知层次,正是确立基础的变化决定了不当搜查对策体系发展和完善的方向。     

The Quality of Annual Reporting by Italian Museums: An International Comparison

We study the quality of disclosure and the level of accountability of Italian museums using MPADI2 index (Wei et al. 2008; Botes et al. 2013) on a sample of 13 annual reports which, given the legal status of some entities, encompasses the activity of 93 Italian public and private museums, many of which are within the most visited in Italy and worldwide. The results allow for an international comparison with the annual reports of a panel of USA, UK and European museums which have undergone the same MPADI2 analysis, giving an interesting insight about museum different disclosing practices across countries.     

Sustainability reporting by Australian local government authorities

This qualitative study investigates the Western Australian (WA) local government authorities’ sustainability reporting practices, in the absence of mandatory reporting guidelines, through content analysis of their websites. Calculations from comparing the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)’s disclosures with those of 140 local council websites were used to develop a sustainability reporting disclosure index. The findings indicate that sustainability reporting remains moderately practised by local government authorities, despite stakeholder demand for proactive disclosures. The discourse analysis shows that Western Australia’s strategic planning for sustainable development is the key force propelling councils towards sustainability reporting practices. The findings also suggest that WA local government authorities are increasing sustainability disclosures to legitimate their social and environmental initiatives. The findings have policy implications for regulators and/or government in Western Australia, with practical implications for local council authorities and/or managers in developing awareness of sustainable operations. The study also contributes to local government authorities’ growing awareness of sustainable service operations.     

Silence of the Innocents: Undocumented Immigrants’ Underreporting of Crime and their Victimization

Do undocumented migrants underreport crimes to the police in order to avoid being deported? And do criminals exploit such vulnerability? We address these questions using victimization surveys and administrative data around the 1986 U.S. immigration amnesty. The amnesty allows us to solve two major identification issues that have plagued this literature: migrants’ legal status is endogenous and unobserved. The results show that the reporting rate of undocumented immigrants is 17 percent, which limits the immigrants’ ability to protect some of their fundamental human rights. However, right after the 1986 amnesty, which disproportionately legalized individuals of Hispanic origin, crime victims of Hispanic origin show enormous improvements in reporting behavior. The implied increase in the reporting rate by amnesty applicants is close to 20 percentage points.     

反贪工作中面临的困境及对 策简

反贪工作是检察院工作当中重要的组成部分，肩负着惩治和预防职务犯罪、推动反腐倡廉建设的职责。当前反贪工作面临着困境，如案件线索减少、举报成案率低、初查阶段搜集被调查对象的信息面临的困境、律师在侦查阶段介入对反贪工作的影响等。反贪干警应通过网络手段加大宣传力度，转变侦查模式，从而大大提高案件成案率。