民事诉讼举证责任倒置刍议

举证责任倒置是举证责任分配的一个重要内容 ,2 0 0 1年 1 2月最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》(以下简称《规定》)第 4条也被认为是关于举证责任倒置的较为完善的条款 ,但对于什么是举证责任倒置 ,举证责任倒置与举证责任转移有何区分 ,《规定》第 4条作为规定举证责任倒置的条款是否还有缺陷等问题 ,学界似乎少有关注 ,不少问题是悬而未决的     

预售商品房转让和房地产开发项目转让有关法律问题的研究及立法建议

商品房预售合同签订后,应到登记机关办理预告登记。预购人转让预购合同的权利和义务,必须到登记机关办理登记手续。已经预售的房地产开发项目的转让,必须征得全部预购人的同意才能生效,并且必须到登记机关进行登记。预售商品房不得办理按揭贷款。     

论犯罪过程中的信息转移原理

物质交换原理和信息论分析是侦查学的重要理论与研究方法,但各有重大的局限与不足。本文在分别检讨这两大理论的基础上,创造性地提出了犯罪过程中的信息转移原理的构想,剖析了犯罪过程中信息转移的必然性、内涵、构成及模型,并简单阐述了该理论的现实意义。     

论专利权转让中的负担效力和处分效力

从专利权转让合同的概念开始,借鉴私法学说中的负担和处分理论,从负担和处分的角度分析专利权转让合同的效力,结合《专利法》和《合同法》的相关规定,分析专利权转让中的负担效力和处分效力,认为其中的负担效力在于使当事人负担义务,而处分效力则在于使专利权转让,强调了私法学说研究对知识产权法的意义。     

国家间公共政策的转移——概念、研究态势和理论

公共政策的制定者在决策过程中往往通过某种方式来参考其它国家的决策者在相似情况下的做法,包括正面经验和负面教训。这种政策转移(Policy Transfer)现象是公共政策制定和制度创新在现实中的一种主要途径和方式。论述分三个部分:首先,简述了政策转移的概念化过程,辨别了和其它相近概念的异同;其次,勾勒了本课题研究的多学科、多方法和多层次的态势,列举和介绍了一些代表性的研究实例;最后,探讨了相关的理论生成的问题。通过对有关政策转移问题研究的回顾、分析和总结,强调了我国政策转移中大量转移实践和理论研究缺失之间的矛盾现象;提出了开展我国政策转移研究的必要性和关注点;旨在引起我国公共政策的制定者和学者对这一课题的重视,为公共政策有关的决策实践和理论研究提供一个观察、分析和决策的角度。     

全球化视域下中国政策转移的反思与建构

随着全球化进程逐步深入,政策议程已经越来越多地受到跨国经验的影响.各种团体、国际组织以及各类政策制定者越来越多地"转移"国际经验到本国的政治、经济与社会中,而处于这一进程中的我国政策制定必将更加不可避免地受到这一趋势的影响.因此,如何适应这一新形势的要求,研究政策转移的特点及规律,特别是探索一个符合中国国情的政策转移体系,以对当下我国政策过程实践有所启发和帮助,是我们亟待解决的新课题.文章以全球化为背景,通过对我国政策转移的回顾与反思,针对影响我国政策转移的主要障碍及其症结,尝试建构当前我国政策转移的框架体系及保障机制,以供我国政策转移实践之参考.     

技术转移要求、投资鼓励与国际投资环境的关联关系——结合WTO贸易与投资关系工作组的研究报告和晚近国际投资立法进行分析

根据WTO贸易与投资关系工作组近年来对技术转移要求和投资鼓励问题的专题研究 ,结合晚近国际投资立法的相关规定 ,不难发现未来相关国际投资立法的可能发展趋势 :适当的有关技术移转方面的引导措施可以存续 ,强制性技术转移要求应逐步取消 ;投资鼓励措施只能作为吸引和引导外资的辅助性工具 ,制约投资鼓励措施的国际多边规则会逐步出现并日趋严格     

The transfer of touch DNA from hands to glass, fabric and wood

The transfer of DNA from hands to objects by holding or touching has been examined in the past. The main purpose of this study was to examine the variation in the amount of DNA transferred from hands to glass, fabric and wood. The study involved 300 volunteers (100 for glass, 100 for fabric and 100 for wood) 50% of which were male and 50% female. The volunteers held the material for 60 s. The DNA was recovered from the objects using a minitape lift, quantified using the Quantifiler kit assay, extracted using a ‘Qiagen^® QIAamp DNA mini kit’ and amplified using the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus™ Amplification Kit at 28 cycles. The results show that using ANOVA there was a significant difference (F = 8.2, p < 0.05) between the three object types in the amount of DNA recovered. In terms of DNA transfer and recovery, wood gave the best yield, followed by fabric and then glass. The likelihood of success of obtaining a profile indicative of the holder was approximately 9% for glass samples, 23% for fabric and 36% for wood. There was no significant difference between the amount of DNA transferred by male or female volunteers. In this study good shedder status, as defined by obtaining useful profiles of 6 or more alleles, is estimated at approximately 22% of the population. The phenomenon of secondary transfer was observed when mixed DNA profiles were obtained but the incidence was low at approximately 10% of the total number of samples. DNA profiles corresponding to more than one person were found on objects which had been touched by only one volunteer. Although secondary transfer is possible the profiles obtained from touched objects are more likely to be as a result of primary transfer rather than a secondary source.     

Macroscopic assessment of environmental trace evidence dynamics in forensic settings

Environmental trace evidence offers useful circumstantial intelligence to link persons and scenes of forensic interest. An increasing empirical research base is dedicated towards understanding the transfer and persistence dynamics of environmental indicators including pollen, soils, and diatoms, within a diverse range of experimental frameworks. This paper presents two discrete studies exploring transfer and persistence of soils and sediments on footwear and diatomaceous earth adhered to clothing in forensically pertinent scenarios. Variables including sediment type, foot position, clothing type, and body positioning were also explored throughout. Both experiments incorporated a field-based methodology during the sampling effort. Photographs were collected of an initial transfer sample and of a retained assemblage following hours, days, and up to one-week of wear, facilitating macroscopic assessment of trace evidence dynamics. All images were processed using accessible, open-source software before spatial analysis of evidence distribution within and temporal assessment (% retention) upon each evidential surface. The results highlighted consistent loss of transferred sediment from footwear with significantly greater retention of loamy clay soil than dune sand which was absent beyond 24 h of wear. Loss was not influenced by wearer gait but was more rapid from those areas of the shoe sole in direct contact with the ground. Diatomaceous earth was retrieved from all three clothing types tested after one week – significant losses of material occurred before 48 h with a consistent assemblage identified beyond this. Denim was significantly more effective than acrylic and fleece for diatomaceous earth retention and significantly more material was lost from clothing worn on the lower body. These findings highlight the value of using visual environmental markers and a macroscopic analytical approach during the investigation of environmental trace dynamics. The methodology offers a novel, non-destructive assessment of soil and diatom transfer and persistence, complementing more extensive laboratory-based examinations to ensure the development of a well-rounded research base within the forensic sciences.     

论观念交付的适用及其效力

观念交付为标的物占有在观念上的移转。随着交易的频繁 ,观念交付越来越多地出现在经济生活中 ,迫切需要立法的确立 ,《中华人民共和国物权法征求意见稿》已确立了观念交付。由于观念交付公示的欠缺 ,使其适用受到了一些限制。文章对观念交付的含义、适用与限制及其效力进行了探讨。