唐代工商业利润的流动转化及其社会后果

唐代官营工商业利润主要流入政府财政 ,也有一部分转化为高利贷资本和用于土地经营。民间工商业利润除了一部分用于生活消费、交通权贵和囤积射利外 ,大多用于土地的购买兼并和转化为高利贷资本。官、私工商业利润向产业资本流动转化甚少 ,既无益于新的生产方式的产生和发展 ,也拉大了财富占有上的贫富分化 ,并最终激化了社会矛盾和阶级矛盾 ,导至农民大起义爆发 ,唐王朝的腐朽统治遭到推翻     

敦煌吐鲁番借贷契约的抵赦条款与国家对民间债负的赦免——唐宋时期民间高利贷与国家控制的博弈

敦煌吐鲁番借贷契约中的"公私债负停征,此物不在停限"、"后有恩赦,不在免限"等抵赦条款,是民间社会对抗国家赦免私债的契约表现.始于北魏时期的国家对私债的赦免,针对的是"偿利过本,翻改券契"等民间高利贷行为;唐、五代及南宋、元初赦令,延续了这个传统.这一赦免初衷,也波及到无息借贷,致使抵赦条款也出现在无息借贷契约中,反映了民间防御意识的加强.契约中的抵赦条款的反复出现与国家免除民间债负赦令的频繁发布,反映了民间高利贷与国家控制的长时间博弈.明清时,国家不再以赦令形式免除私债,契约中的抵赦条款也随即消失.     

公务员制度与少数民族干部培养的机制建设

要保证民族干部培养的高标准要求,必须结合党和政府有关干部人事制度改革的政策以及民族区域自治的法律规定,以国家公务员制度为基本框架,进行少数民族干部培养的有效机制建设。     

个体工商户：中国市民社会的重要力量及价值

个体工商户作为中国社会的一个特殊经济群体，长期以来对中国经济发展做出了巨大的贡献，从个体工商户显性的经济作用到其潜在的精神气质，都可以毫不怀疑地说个体工商户是构建中国市民社会的一支重要力量。但近年，个体工商户的数量出现了下降趋势，这是经济发展的必然结果还是社会制度对这个群体照顾不周？对于个体工商户这样一个较为特殊的经济群体，法律应该如何对待？西方国家经济发展的实践证明，个体工商户或小商人并不是经济不发达的衍生品，也不是经济发达的淘汰品，中国市场经济的发展仍然需要大量的个体工商户，法律应当为个体工商户的发展创造更加宽松的制度环境。     

论马克思市民社会思想及意义

以唯物史观的分析方法详细考察马克思市民社会思想。市民社会是市场经济的产物 ,物质利益是其行动原则 ,物质生活关系总和是其内在规定。马克思以市民社会入手来确立唯物史观的理论起点。市民社会是现代历史进程的一个必不可逾越的问题 ,具有重要的历史和现实意义。     

Opening a window into police internal affairs: Impact of procedural justice reform on third-party attitudes

The study explores the impact of a procedural innovation on justice judgments made by third party observers. The innovation involved the establishment of a review panel with civilian participants to monitor a police department's investigation of allegations of misconduct against its officers. The study distinguishes the impact on racial minority observers from that on racial majority observers. Data suggest that the innovation had a positive, though differing, impact on the justice judgments of both minority and majority observers.     

近年来台湾民间宗教信仰素材小说论评——东年、黄凡、阮庆岳等的作品

随着物质高度发展而精神问题日趋严重,民间宗教信仰成为台湾社会生活的重要组成部分。东年小说对佛教经典作了人性化的诠释,显示台湾佛教的“人间化”特色。阮庆岳着眼于民间宗教信仰的某些变质,但将其当作善良小民为了生存所作的努力,凸显了台湾民间宗教信仰的“有情”特征。黄凡的《大学之贼》中,民间宗教信仰与政治、经济势力相结合,成为某些人攫取利益、敛聚财富的工具。本应为社会良心的知识分子的普遍堕落,以及与他们的“成功”相辅相成的日渐庸俗、浅薄、颓靡的社会思潮和风气,反映了富裕社会的整体沉沦。     

Capacity-building at the Headquarter Level: The Case of EU Civilian Peace Operations

Abstract

This article traces the institutional evolution of the Council Secretariat that plans and supports EU civilian peace operations. During the early days of the European Security and Defence Policy in the late 1990s competing political priorities of big EU member states and a dominance of military structures put civilian administrators at a significant disadvantage. Between 2003 and 2007, however, the rising number and complexity of civilian missions generated pressure for reform, which eventually led to the creation of a civilian headquarters. The historical analysis provides the basis for assessing the EU's current institutional capacities for civilian crisis management. While some administrative capacity deficits have been addressed, increased institutional formalization and further politically motivated reforms may increase tensions and hamper the accumulation of expertise.     

Democratically consolidated,externally threatened,and NATO aligned: finding unexpected deficiencies in civilian control

It has long been presumed in the literature that consolidated democracies that face serious external threats or are NATO-aligned should feature strong, civilian control institutions and personnel. This study of Israel, India, Taiwan, Spain and Poland reveals otherwise. Utilizing biographical data compiled by the authors, we researched civilian personnel within each country’s defence ministry – the organizational hub of civil-military relations. Rather than finding evidence of strong civilian control, what we found instead were ministries with serious deficiencies: they did not have effective power; they failed to engage in defence planning or provide strategic guidance to the armed forces; they were led by military personnel and staffed by civilian employees not properly qualified to handle defence affairs. To explain these discrepancies, we argue that long-standing deficits in civilian expertise spur the delegation of ministerial defence positions to more knowledgeable officers. Comparisons are made with benchmark states that have achieved civilian ministerial control.     

非政府组织发展对我国社会稳定的影响

改革开放以来,我国非政府组织如雨后春笋般蓬勃发展,在促进基层民主政治建设、社会治理、经济建设等方面发挥了积极作用,取得了显著成绩,日益引起社会各界的关注。特别是在应对灾变、群体性事件等突发事件中所充当的"第三方"的重要角色,使得非政府组织在维护社会稳定过程中的重要性日益凸现。但其消极影响也逐步显现出来,在某种程度上成为我国政府社会治理工作所面临的一项新的挑战。