References for determining the time of death by potassium in vitreous humor

The different statements concerning the slope and intercept of the regression line and the 95% limits of confidence are the reason that potassium in vitreous humor is not used (at least in Germany) as an aid in estimating the time of death. The relationship between the concentration of potassium and the time of death is mainly influenced by antemortem electrolyte imbalances caused by disease and/or duration of terminal episode. The influence of terminal episode is best identified by its duration (Adelson et al., J. Forensic Sci., 8 (1963) 503–514). In order to have a method suitable for every case and to be as precise as possible we looked therefore for parameters in vitreous humor which were stable postmortem and indicating antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Urea is such a parameter, being stable postmortem (Coe, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 51 (1969) 741–750) and useful as a marker of antemortem electrolyte imbalance. Our investigations on potassium in vitreous humor, including sudden and hospital deaths after chronic lingering disease, revealed 95% limits of confidence of ±34 h up to 120 h postmortem. Reviewing only cases with urea less than 100 mg/dl the 95% limits of confidence could be reduced to ±22 h. Considering the duration of terminal episode (<6 h) the precision was ±20 h. In this way our modified procedure is suitable for every case with the resulting precision of estimation being determined only by the duration of the terminal episode and urea concentration.     

Blind validation of postmortem interval estimates using developmental rates of blow flies

This study evaluated the use of different degree day (DD) models, developmental thresholds and developmental data sources for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) based on developmental rates of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Blow fly evidence was collected from three mock crime scenes and sent for blind analysis of PMI. PMI estimates were calculated using averaging, single sine, double sine, single triangle, and double triangle models of DD calculation with minimum developmental thresholds of 0, 6 and 10 °C and Anderson's, Byrd and Allen's, Greenberg's, Nishida's and Kamal's developmental data sets. These estimates were compared with the actual PMI to determine which combination of DD model, developmental threshold and developmental data provided the most accurate estimate. For all three cases, at least one method gave a PMI estimation that was within 1 day of the actual date of death. There was no variability between PMI estimated using the five models of DD calculation. Overall, as lower developmental threshold increased, the PMI interval estimates increased. Depending on the developmental data set used, increasing the lower developmental threshold caused some overestimations of the date of oviposition, with estimates given that were prior to the actual death. Future PMI estimates should include error ranges, so that overestimation of PMI is avoided.     

新中国成立以来我军马克思主义信仰培育的主要历史经验

新中国成立以来,我军马克思主义信仰培育的主要历史经验有：始终坚持和完善党对军队的绝对领导,为军人的马克思主义信仰培育提供组织保证;坚持物质激励与精神激励相结合,坚持正确的义利导向;重视军营文化建设,为军人马克思主义信仰培育营造良好环境;积极开创社会主义建设新局面,为培育马克思主义信仰提供物质基础与现实动力;坚实推进马克思主义教育,培育官兵的马克思主义信仰自觉;坚定开展反腐倡廉建设;坚持以德治军与依法治军相结合,为马克思主义信仰培育提供世俗规范和依托。     

建党90年先进性建设制度创新的成就和经验

中国共产党建党90年来,党在党章根本制度、学习教育制度、党的领导制度、党内民主制度和干部人事制度改革等先进性建设制度方面的创新历经探索发展,取得了丰硕而重大的成就。认真总结创新积累的新鲜经验,不断深化认识党的先进性建设中制度创新的规律性,可以更有效地推进党的先进性建设。     

民国时期福建海洋航运业的发展

民国建立以后,福建的海外远洋航运虽仍然处于外国势力的控制之下,但是由于强加于民间航运业的封建束缚有所削弱,同时一战期间,西方列强忙于在欧洲争夺,暂时放松了对中国的侵略,为福建近代海洋航运业的发展提供了一个空前有利的环境和条件。民族资本和海外华侨创办远洋轮船航运业顿呈活跃,海外航线不断增多。然而,在帝国主义压迫和国民党政府的腐败统治下,民族海洋航运业是难以得到真正的发展。     

台湾省主席陈诚与蒋介石的合作与冲突

1949年,陈诚主政台湾近一年。期间,蒋介石背负失败之责,为美国所弃,众叛亲离。临危受命的陈诚,遵照蒋氏“继续革命”之指示,在台湾大刀阔斧地进行改革,为蒋介石的迁台与复出做了准备。与此同时,陈诚的权势日益膨胀,集党、政、军、财大权于一身,不仅遭到了政敌之反对,亦引起了蒋介石的疑忌,蒋陈之间冲突不断。在美国的要求下,蒋介石乘机以美援为借口,迫使陈诚让位于吴国桢,既满足了美方之要求,又削弱了陈诚之实权。     

国内外学界关于1949-1978年两岸关系的研究综述

台湾问题是中国的内政问题,1949年新中国成立以来,中国共产党与中国国民党围绕台湾问题进行了长达30年的武力对峙。在新中国成立的第一个30年内,对台政策是中国政府内政、外交生活的重要主题之一。数十年来,国内外学者对这一时期的两岸关系、对台政策、中美关系等进行了较为深人、丰富、细致的研究,为改革开放新时期“一国两制、和平统一”政策的出台,奠定了思想、政治和理论基础。     

建国以来中国共产党人发展观的演变

对当代中国社会发展问题的认识,是一个前后相继、不断与时俱进的历程,从毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民再到以胡锦涛为总书记的新一代党中央,都进行了长期的艰辛探索,终于形成了适合中国国情、具有中国特色的科学发展观,标志着我们党对社会主义发展规律认识的不断深化。     

新中国成立以来党的四条总路线对我国经济社会发展的影响

党的基本路线是党和国家在一定历史时期为解决社会主要矛盾,实现其政治目标而制定的基本方针和政策,是制定和执行各项具体工作、路线和政策的依据。新中国以来我党先后制定了四条基本路线,对我国经济社会的发展产生了巨大的影响,通过研究,试图探寻其中的经验和教训。