自愿承受风险原则研究

自愿承受风险在美国侵权法中是被告可以主张的绝对抗辩.以自愿承受风险原则的发展历程为线索,对自愿承受风险的起源与发展、自愿承受风险的各种形态以及比较过失制度对自愿承受风险的影响进行介绍与评析,揭示了自愿承受风险原则在美国侵权法中所经历的沉浮与变迁.     

论无效劳动合同之确认

无效劳动合同具有自己独特的制度功能与价值取向。法律应当将社会公共利益、第三人利益以及劳动者的合法权益作为判定劳动合同是否有效的一般标准,并据此甄别与清理现行劳动法的相关规定,重新确定无效劳动合同的具体种类。     

后合同义务及其法律责任探析

后合同义务与合同给付义务、约定义务、先合同义务有着显著的不同。后合同义务包括通知义务、协助义务、保密义务、照顾义务、不得同业竞争等类型。违反后合同义务的法律责任称之为后合同责任,是不同于缔约过失责任、违约责任、侵权责任的一种独立的民事责任。     

论我国刑事诉讼证据种类的完善

我国刑事诉讼法所规定的证据种类不能全面概括司法实践中起证明作用的材料,建议立法补充相应的证据种类。刑事诉讼法规定的各种证据的归类和排序存在缺乏逻辑性和实用性的问题,必须加以调整。     

我国当前洗钱犯罪的新形式及其防范对策——兼对洗钱犯罪刑法意义的商榷

当前“洗钱”作为一个全球性的问题 ,已经严重影响到全球经济的正常发展。在中国 ,“洗钱”正严重侵蚀着中国的经济基础 ,出现资本外逃、滋生腐败、带来金融市场隐患等一系列问题。通过对洗钱犯罪的概念、我国当前洗钱犯罪的新形式、我国刑法对此类犯罪的认识深化过程的分析和刑法意义上的商榷 ,以找出目前在防范洗钱犯罪方面存在的问题及应进一步采取的措施     

Seeking or controlling the truth? An examination of courtroom questioning practices by Canadian lawyers*

ABSTRACT

The questioning practices of Canadian lawyers were examined. Courtroom examinations (N?=?91) were coded for the type of utterance, the assumed purpose of the utterance, and the length of utterance. Results showed that approximately one-fifth of all utterances were classified as productive for gathering reliable information (i.e. open-ended, probing); less than one percent of all utterances were open-ended. Direct examinations contained more closed yes/no, probing, and open-ended questions. Cross-examinations contained more leading and clarification questions, and opinions. Moreover, cross- (vs. direct) examinations contained more questions with a ‘challenging the witness’ purpose. The longest utterances were opinions, followed by multiple and forced-choice questions. The longest answers were in response to open-ended questions, followed by multiple and probing questions. Implications for the truth-seeking function of the judiciary are discussed.     

Metrological framework for selecting morphological characters to identify species and estimate developmental maturity of forensically significant insect specimens

Accurate age estimates of immature necrophagous insects associated with a human or animal body can provide evidence of how long the body has been dead. These estimates are based on species-specific details of the insects’ aging processes, and therefore require accurate species identification and developmental stage estimation. Many professionals who produce or use identified organisms as forensic evidence have little training in taxonomy or metrology, and appreciate the availability of formalized principles and standards for biological identification. Taxonomic identifications are usually most readily and economically made using categorical and qualitative morphological characters, but it may be necessary to use less convenient and potentially more ambiguous characters that are continuous and quantitative if two candidate species are closely related, or if identifying developmental stages within a species. Characters should be selected by criteria such as taxonomic specificity and metrological repeatability and relative error. We propose such a hierarchical framework, critique various measurements of immature insects, and suggest some standard approaches to determine the reliability of organismal identifications and measurements in estimating postmortem intervals. Relevant criteria for good characters include high repeatability (including low scope for ambiguity or parallax effects), pronounced discreteness, and small relative error in measurements. These same principles apply to individuation of unique objects in general.

Key points

• Metrological rigour can increase in forensic entomology by selecting measurements based on their metrological qualities.
• Selection of high-quality features for morphological identification of organisms should consider these criteria: (1) pronounced discreteness of features (minimising group overlap or maximizing interval); (2) high repeatability of assessment (such as symmetrical width rather than asymmetrical length); (3) small relative error in measurement (selecting the physically largest continuous rigid feature for measurement).
• These metrological principles also apply to individuation of unique objects in general.

     

利益信息贿赂司法疑难探析

随着国家打击贿赂犯罪活动的深入,贿赂的形式更加隐蔽.利益信息具有财产行为利益的性质,能够作为职务行为的对价,利用利益信息荻利的价值可以计算,利益信息贿赂成为贿赂的新形式.在司法认定过程中,应当着重审查国家工作人员是否利用职务之便为当事人谋取利益,国家工作人员是否收受了利益信息,国家工作人员与当事人之间是否有职务上的利益...     

论我国民事与行政案件类型之界分

在现代社会,随着公法的私法化与私法的公法化,行政争议与民事争议的界分日趋模糊。判断某一争议是否为行政争议还是属民事争议,必须考量其主体因素、公权力因素、所适用的法律法规之实质规定以及公共利益等多种因素。在实践中,为更好地解决行政与民事审判权限冲突,必须构建一套与之相适应的权限争议解决机制,以确保法院民事与行政审判权的有效运作。     

国有企业内部矛盾关系分析--对一家国企内部的矛盾关系类型及其解决方式的考察

效益稳定型国有企业内部矛盾关系分为层内矛盾和层际矛盾两种类型.前者围绕权力资源的分配而产生,后者则涉及具体的、直接的利益,主要围绕工作岗位的调整和工资、奖金的分配而产生.在解决矛盾的方式上,不同层级都将"忍耐"和"接受现实"作为主要方式.党委和企业行政是解决矛盾的主要组织,工会所发挥的作用与职工的期望有一定距离.企业内的亲缘关系作为非正式渠道在解决矛盾中起着重要作用.