We discuss global options for initiatives intended to ameliorate adverse impacts of visa and work permit systems used by national
governments around the world. We first describe and document some of their effects, noting the relative lack of other research
work on these issues. We then discuss proposals for a new and supplemental global visa structure which have been made as part
of the Mode 4 GATS negotiations in the WTO, suggesting that the GATS/WTO may be an imperfect institutional location for negotiating
on these matters. We then evaluate other approaches, including what realistically could be possible if a new body specifically
created for global negotiation in the area were to be used.
This article argues that throughout its history, the leadership of the Labour Party has chosen to embrace a benign view of the Civil Service, as part of a wider acceptance of the constitutional status quo reflected in the Westminster model. There has nevertheless been a long tradition in the wider Labour movement that has questioned whether Whitehall is capable of working for a government with radical aspirations. This article examines Labour's historical approach towards Whitehall, before reflecting on the extent to which the present Administration, while appealing to radical and reforming rhetoric has, like its predecessors, continued to embrace the status quo. It concludes by arguing that a contemporary and credible narrative capable of challenging the Westminster model has yet to emerge from the broader movement. 相似文献
Fashion, accessories, and homeware fall outside the regulations of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), which certifies mostly food products. A handful of fashion-led Fair Trade enterprises are now providing ranges of high-quality desirable products, made by workers employed in urban enterprises as well as independent producers in cooperatives. Tabeisa, an NGO involved in Fair Trade retailing, has developed a new regulatory framework which uniquely starts by defining the relations of production between all actors in the chain. This ensures that those not previously covered by existing standards are made visible and receive fair pay and conditions. 相似文献
Although the confluence of Fair Trade and organic agriculture has become a salient phenomenon, they contradict each other at the production level: Fair Trade focuses on specific products, while organic agriculture targets production units. This article explores how Southern small-scale producers cope with this discrepancy, by observing one farmers' group's attempt to obtain the two certifications in India. This case study identifies stakeholders who react to the two certifications differently under different livelihood strategies. Combining the two initiatives may not always be the best practice for realising poverty reduction and environmental conservation –aims which the initiatives have in common. 相似文献
An international project called PADS promoted participatory learning and action research with inland valley rainfed rice farmers in West Africa. All countries received the same training, similar funding, and the same leadership. Although the staff in Ghana were conscientious and gave much training to the farmer beneficiaries, the Mali staff explicitly encouraged farmers to experiment. Farmers in Mali responded to this favourable attitude by experimenting more than those in Ghana, and in qualitatively more interesting ways. Long-term engagement with grassroots organisations may be as conducive to changing public servants' attitudes as the actual participatory approach promoted on the ground.
L'attitude compte: travail avec des riziculteurs en Afrique de l'Ouest
Un projet international appelé PADS a favorisé l'apprentissage participatif et la recherche-action avec des riziculteurs pratiquant la culture pluviale dans les vallées de l'intérieur des terres en Afrique de l'Ouest. Tous les pays ont reçu la même formation, un financement similaire et le même leadership. Alors que les membres du personnel du Ghana étaient consciencieux et dispensaient une formation considérable aux agriculteurs bénéficiaires, le personnel du Mali encourageait expressément les riziculteurs à faire des expériences. Les riziculteurs du mali ont réagi à cette attitude favorable en faisant plus d'expériences que ceux du Ghana, et ce de manières plus intéressantes sur le plan qualitatif. L'engagement à long terme avec les organisations de la base populaire peut être tout aussi propice à la modification des attitudes des fonctionnaires que l'approche participative même promue sur le terrain.
As atitudes contam: Engajamento com produtores de arroz na África Ocidental
Um projeto internacional chamado PADS promoveu uma pesquisa sobre aprendizado e ação participativa com produtores de arroz irrigado com água da chuva no interior do vale na África Ocidental. Todos os países receberam o mesmo treinamento, financiamento semelhante e a mesma liderança. Embora os funcionários de Gana estivessem cientes e oferecessem bastante treinamento aos produtores beneficiários, os funcionários de Mali incentivaram explicitamente os produtores a experimentar. Os produtores de Mali responderam a esta atitude favorável experimentando mais do que aqueles de Gana e de maneiras mais interessantes em termos qualitativos. O engajamento de longo prazo com organizações de base pode contribuir para mudar as atitudes dos servidores públicos tanto quanto a abordagem participativa real promovida na base.
La actitud cuenta: el trato personal con campesinos arroceros de África Occidental
Un proyecto internacional llamado PADS promovió el aprendizaje participativo y la investigación-acción entre campesinos que cultivaban arroz de secano en los valles centrales de África Occidental. Todos los países participantes recibieron la misma capacitación, un financiamiento similar y las mismas orientaciones. Si bien el personal de Ghana era muy diligente y transmitió muchos conocimientos a los campesinos beneficiarios en capacitaciones, el personal de Malí se centró más explícitamente en animarlos para que experimentaran. Los campesinos de Malí respondieron a esta actitud estimuladora realizando más experimentos y de maneras cualitativamente más interesantes que los campesinos de Ghana. El compromiso de largo plazo con organizaciones de base puede ser tan importante para lograr un cambio en la actitud del servidor público como el método participativo que se promueve en la actualidad sobre el terreno. 相似文献
Remittances from migrant workers play a significant role in keeping the economy of Bangladesh vibrant, adding around six per cent to the country's GDP and helping to maintain the balance of payments. This article examines remittance flows from Hong Kong and Malaysia to Bangladesh; the dynamics of remittance practices; and the impact on the well-being of migrant families. Data were collected from 126 labour migrants (56 in Hong Kong and 70 in Malaysia) between November 2004 and October 2006. The article presents empirical data showing that while remittances are significant component of the Bangladeshi economy, a considerable amount goes to ‘unproductive’ schemes. Hence remittances at the micro level that do not significantly contribute to increasing household capacities fail to bring about the anticipated sustainable development at the macro level.
La dynamique des pratiques d'envoi de fonds et le développement : migrants bangladais à l'étranger
Les envois de fonds par les travailleurs migrants jouent un rôle considérable dans le maintien du dynamisme de l'économie du Bangladesh, car ils comptent pour environ six pour cent du PIB du pays et contribuent à maintenir la balance des paiements. Cet article examine les transferts d'argent de Hong Kong et de Malaisie vers le Bangladesh, la dynamique des pratiques d'envois de fonds et l'impact sur le bien-être des familles migrantes. Des données ont été recueillies parmi 126 ouvriers (56 à Hong Kong et 70 en Malaisie) entre novembre 2004 et octobre 2006. Cet article présente des données empiriques qui montrent que, si les envois de fonds constituent effectivement un élément considérable de l'économie bangladaise, une quantité importante va vers des programmes « non productifs ». Ainsi, les envois de fonds au niveau micro qui n'apportent pas une contribution importante à l'accroissement des capacités des ménages ne donnent pas lieu au développement durable prévu au niveau macro.
Dinâmicas de práticas de remessa e desenvolvimento: imigrantes bengaleses
As remessas feitas por trabalhadores imigrantes desempenham um papel significativo em manter a economia de Bangladesh vibrante, adicionando cerca de seis por cento do PIB do país e ajudando a manter o balanço de pagamentos. Este artigo examina os fluxos de remessa de Hong Kong e Malásia para Bangladesh, as dinâmicas das práticas de remessa e o impacto sobre o bem-estar das famílias de imigrantes. Os dados foram coletados de 126 trabalhadores imigrantes (56 em Hong Kong e 70 na Malásia) entre novembro de 2004 e outubro de 2006. O artigo apresenta dados empíricos mostrando que embora as remessas sejam um componente significativo da economia de Bangladesh, um montante considerável vai para esquemas “improdutivos”. Assim, as remessas no nível micro que não contribuem significativamente para melhorar as condições da família, não conseguem promover o desenvolvimento sustentável previsto no nível macro.
La dinámica de las remesas y el desarrollo: los migrantes de Bangladesh en el extranjero
Las remesas de los trabajadores migrantes constituyen una parte importante de la economía de Bangladesh ya que representan el seis por ciento del PIB del país y contribuyen a mantener el equilibrio de la balanza de pagos. Este ensayo analiza los flujos de remesas de Hong Kong y Malasia hacia Bangladesh, la dinámica de cómo se utilizan las remesas y su impacto en el bienestar de las familias de los migrantes. Se recopilaron estadísticas de 126 trabajadores migrantes (56 en Hong Kong y 70 en Malasia) entre noviembre de 2004 y octubre de 2006. Los datos empíricos que presenta el ensayo demuestran que, si bien las remesas son un componente significativo de la economía de Bangladesh, una parte considerable se destina a actividades “improductivas”. Por lo tanto, las remesas a nivel micro que no contribuyen de manera significativa a mejorar las condiciones de los hogares no aportan al desarrollo sustentable a nivel macro que sería deseable. 相似文献
:With the rise of capitalism, the‘labour problem’became a serious issue for intellectuals in Japan. Although the national economy expanded rapidly at the turn of the nineteenth century, Japan's workforce was still heavily dependent on‘farmers’whose condition was only worsened by the land tax revision of 1873. The government policy offukoku kyōhei(‘enrich the country, strengthen the armed forces’) benefited capitalists in the form ofzaibatsu(business and industrial magnates collaborating with the government), but impoverished the majority. This had the effect of widening the gap between the affluent and the poor. As redundant farmers flowed into the cities and worked in a wretched environment for low wages, many intellectuals were concerned about their well-being. They were motivated by various considerations, including humanitarian and Christian beliefs. Some embraced socialist ideas and recognized the need for reform. Abe Isō(1865–1949), known as the father of early socialism in Japan, was one of those who became concerned about the prevailing poverty and its impact on society. A professor at the TōkyōSenmon Gakkō(the present Waseda University), he was one of the important intellectuals of the second generation of the Meiji era (1868–1912). At the formative stage of embracing socialist ideas, he came to see New Zealand as a paragon, a country whose policies on the relief of social hardship provided an ideal model for Japan. This study examines his belief that New Zealand had much to offer the‘new’Japan. 相似文献
Drawing on empirical data from a community-based study with children and adults in rural Peru, the paper analyses the everyday experiences of a conditional cash transfer programme, called ‘Juntos’. The findings show that social protection programmes like Juntos address certain child vulnerabilities by making eligibility for their cash transfers conditional on behaviour-related to child protection-related such as health check-ups and school attendance. However, there are other aspects of children's well-being that are not being considered, such as experiences of violence and exclusion. This paper discusses both opportunities and challenges for cash transfer programmes to play a greater role in child protection. Protection de l'enfance : un rôle pour les programmes de transferts monétaires conditionnels ? Grâce à des données empiriques tirées d'une étude communautaire avec des enfants et des adultes dans le Pérou rural, cet article analyse les expériences quotidiennes d'un programme de transferts monétaires conditionnels appelé Juntos. Les conclusions montrent que les programmes de protection sociale comme Juntos remédient à certaines vulnérabilités des enfants en soumettant leur admissibilité aux transferts monétaires à des conditions relatives au comportement en matière de protection de l'enfance, comme les visites médicales et l'assiduité scolaire. Cependant, il y a d'autres aspects du bien-être des enfants qui ne sont pas pris en considération, comme les expériences de violence et l'exclusion. Cet article traite des occasions et des défis pour que les programmes de transferts monétaires jouent un rôle plus important dans la protection de l'enfance. Proteção infantil: um papel para os programas de transferência de dinheiro condicional? Apoiando-se em dados empíricos de um estudo baseado na comunidade com crianças e adultos na zona rural do Peru, o artigo analisa as experiências cotidianas de um programa de transferência condicional de dinheiro chamado “Juntos”. Os resultados mostram que programas de proteção social como o “Juntos” abordam certas vulnerabilidades da criança ao tornar o direito às transferências de dinheiro condicional ao comportamento relativo à proteção infantil, tais como consulta médica e frequência escolar. Porém, existem outros aspectos do bem-estar das crianças que não estão sendo considerados, tais como as experiências de violência e exclusão. Este artigo discute as oportunidades e desafios dos programas de transferência de dinheiro para que tenham um maior papel na proteção infantil. ¿Contribuyen los programas de transferencias condicionadas a la protección de la niñez? Basándose en datos empíricos de un estudio comunitario con niños y adultos en el Perú rural, el documento analiza la práctica habitual de un programa de transferencias condicionadas denominado Juntos. Las conclusiones muestran que los programas de protección social como Juntos abordan algunas vulnerabilidades de la niñez al considerar como criterios de elegibilidad para sus transferencias condicionadas temas relacionados con la protección de la niñez, como reconocimientos médicos y escolarización. Sin embargo, hay otros aspectos del bienestar de los niños que no se toman en cuenta, como la violencia y la exclusión. Este documento analiza las oportunidades y los retos para que los programas de transferencias puedan aportar más a la protección de la niñez. 相似文献
This paper describes attempts in Nigeria and Tanzania to build the capacity of selected religious organisations to participate in policy consultation processes, by strengthening their ability to speak effectively to governments on behalf of poor communities. These attempts arose out of enquiries into the limited involvement of faith-based organisations in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper processes which were a condition of debt relief. Two pilot projects, one in each country, set out to foster inter-faith networks for cooperation and resource sharing, increase skills in data collection and use the evidence gathered to put forward constructive proposals for future policy and practice aimed especially at poverty reduction. The submissions to government prepared by the participating organisations did appear to reflect the voices of the poor, and a workable model for future engagement in policy processes by faith-based organisations emerged from the pilot projects, although replicating it more widely is likely to depend on further external support. Renforcement de la voix des pauvres : engagement des organisations religieuses dans les processus de consultation en matière de politiques publiques au Nigéria et en Tanzanie Ce document décrit les tentatives faites au Nigéria et en Tanzanie afin de développer la capacité d'organisations religieuses sélectionnées à participer aux processus de consultation sur les politiques publiques, en renforçant leur capacité à parler efficacement aux gouvernements au nom des communautés pauvres. Ces tentatives ont émané de demandes portant sur la participation limitée des organisations à base religieuse aux processus d’élaboration des Documents de stratégie pour la réduction de la pauvreté, qui étaient une condition de l'allègement de la dette. Deux projets pilotes, un dans chaque pays, cherchaient à renforcer les réseaux inter-religieux en vue de la coopération et du partage des ressources, à améliorer les compétences de collecte de données et à utiliser les données ainsi recueillies pour présenter des propositions constructives pour les politiques et les pratiques futures visant précisément la réduction de la pauvreté. Les documents préparés par les organisations participantes et présentés aux gouvernements semblaient de fait bien retransmettre les voix des pauvres, et un modèle utilisable pour un engagement futur dans des processus de politique par les organisations à base religieuse a découlé des projets pilotes, mais leur reproduction à une échelle plus large dépendra probablement d'un soutien externe plus important. Fortalecendo a voz dos pobres: o engajamento de organizações religiosas nos processos de consulta sobre políticas na Nigéria e Tanzânia Este artigo descreve as tentativas na Nigéria e na Tanzânia de capacitar organizações religiosas selecionadas para participarem nos processos de consultas sobre políticas, fortalecendo sua habilidade de falar efetivamente com governos em nome das comunidades pobres. Estas tentativas surgiram de perguntas sobre o envolvimento limitado de Organizações Baseadas na Fé nos processos do Documento de Estratégia de Redução da Pobreza que foram uma condição para a redução da dívida. Dois projetos-piloto, um em cada país, criados para promover redes inter-fé para cooperação e compartilhamento de recursos, aumentam as habilidades para coleta de dados e uso de evidências reunidas para apresentação de propostas construtivas para políticas e práticas futuras destinadas especialmente à redução da pobreza. As submissões ao governo preparadas pelas organizações participantes parecem realmente refletir a voz dos pobres, e um modelo viável para engajamento futuro nos processos de políticas de organizações baseadas na fé surgiu de projetos-piloto, embora seja provável que reproduzir isto mais amplamente dependa de suporte externo adicional. Fortaleciendo la voz de los pobres: la participación de organizaciones religiosas en el proceso de consultas sobre políticas públicas en Nigeria y Tanzania Este ensayo describe las acciones realizadas en Nigeria y Tanzania para potenciar la participación de varias organizaciones religiosas en las consultas sobre políticas públicas. Se fortalecieron sus habilidades para dialogar con los gobiernos en nombre de las comunidades pobres. Estas acciones derivan de estudios sobre la limitada participación de las organizaciones basadas en la fe en los procesos de la Estrategia para la Reducción de la Pobreza, —condición necesaria para recibir apoyos para la deuda. Dos proyectos piloto, uno en cada país, impulsaron la creación de redes ecuménicas para la cooperación y el uso colectivo de recursos y aumentaron habilidades para la recopilación de datos y el uso de información de cara a presentar propuestas de políticas y prácticas futuras dirigidas especialmente a la reducción de la pobreza. Todo indica que las presentaciones al gobierno de las organizaciones participantes incorporaron las voces de los pobres. Asimismo, de los proyectos piloto emergió un modelo para la futura participación de las organizaciones basadas en la fe en los procesos políticos; sin embargo, su réplica sin duda dependerá de la continuidad del apoyo externo. 相似文献
