Most people mistakenly assume that health care first became a major political issue in 1945 because President Harry S. Truman’s
special address to Congress on Nov. 19 of that year marked the first time a sitting president publicly endorsed a national
health-care program. But the question of whether—or to what extent—it is the responsibility of government to subsidize health
care for its citizens has been around for a much longer amount of time. Now that health care has become a major focus of domestic
political debate, especially in light of the impending presidential election, this article, modified from an entry in the
forthcoming Encyclopedia of Campaigns, Elections, & Electoral Behavior (Sage Publications), serves to inform the reader of the origins and history of health care as a campaign issue.
Abstract This article presents an examination of Japan's epoch-making health-insurance reforms undertaken during the Asia-Pacific War between 1937 and 1945. These reforms culminated in amendments to the Health Insurance Law and the National Health Insurance Law in 1942, along with the enactment of the National Medical Treatment Law. The issues addressed in this article are, firstly, the kind of reforms of Japan's health-insurance programs that took place during this period, and secondly, the historical significance of these reforms. Focusing on three elements of the wartime health-insurance reforms – expansion of the number of insured people, transformation of payment system to physicians and provision of easy access to medical institutions – this article examines the following hypothesis: Japanese Health Insurance, established in 1922, which primarily aimed at maintaining and restoring workers’ health and physical work capability, and providing them with economic assistance during those times when they suffered from sickness or injury, was qualitatively transformed to quasi-public-assistance programs with financial dependence on the state during wartime, which established an institutional setting that contributed to the rise of health-insurance expenditure in the post-war era. 相似文献
In this article, Ann Abraham, UK Parliamentary Ombudsman and Health Service Ombudsman for England 2002–2011, offers a personal perspective on the development of the role of Ombudsman and its place within the administrative justice landscape more generally during her tenure of office. She identifies the landmarks that have given shape to her experience as Ombudsman, discusses the possible future development of the Ombudsman institution and of administrative justice, and argues strongly for the urgent and fundamental review of the Ombudsman system of justice throughout the UK. 相似文献
Abstract Section 15 of the Mental Health Act 1983 permits the rectification of documentary errors relating to the compulsory admission of patients into hospital. There are certain errors, however, which are not capable of rectification under the Act and render the detention unlawful. This article considers the scope and application of s. 15 and assesses the prospects of litigation in those circumstances where documentary errors invalidate the patient's detention. 相似文献
Abstract A widow terminated her relationship with a married man. He fetched some personal effects from her house on a Friday afternoon and then called an ambulance. She refused to go in the ambulance and went to her nextdoor neighbour's house. The police and the woman's GP arrived. The GP contacted the local psychiatric hospital. The consultant on call advised her removal by the police to a place of safety and advised the GP to make a recommendation under s. 2 of the Mental Health Act and post it to the hospital. The woman said that as she made to leave the house, she was grabbed by policemen and taken to an ambulance. She was transported to a psychiatric hospital, handcuffed and taken to a locked ward where, at 10 p.m., she was detained under s. 5(2). At 1 p.m. the following Monday she was seen by another consultant who made the second recommendation for detention under s. 2. An approved social worker decided not to apply for her detention. The woman continued to be detained until 10 p.m. that night. She sued for wrongful arrest, false imprisonment, trespass and assault. The police and health authority made payments into court which she accepted. 相似文献
Abstract This study reviews the use of limited duration restriction orders in the 10 years following the introduction of the Mental Health Act 1983. In this period 73 such orders were imposed and they represent 5 per cent of all restriction orders. The typical duration of an order is 3 years. These orders are intended for use when there is medical evidence that a patient will recover in a set period of time. However, the majority of these orders did not result from a medical recommendation for a time limited order and our study found little evidence that their use was guided by medical evidence of good prognosis. Rather there is some evidence suggesting they are used to serve a tariff-based punitive function. 相似文献
The Community Health Worker (CHW) literature is expansive, covering more than 30 years of interest in the concept. Despite this, understanding of CHW motivation and the effectiveness of monetary incentives is limited. Using self-determination theory (SDT) as an explanatory framework, the article outlines some of the roles and functions that CHWs have filled within health and community systems, CHW motivation, and how different factors either enhance or detract from this.
Agents de santé communautaires – motivation et incitations
Les documents portant sur les agents de santé communautaires (ASC) sont nombreux et couvrent plus de 30 ans d'intérêt dans ce concept. En dépit de cela, la compréhension de la motivation des ASC et de l'efficacité des incitations monétaires est limitée. En utilisant la théorie de l'autodétermination (TAD) comme cadre explicatif, cet article présente quelques-uns des rôles et des fonctions que les ASC ont remplis dans le cadre de systèmes sanitaires et communautaires, la motivation des ASC et la manière dont différents facteurs soit la renforcent soit l'affaiblissent.
Trabajadores de salud comunitarios - motivación e incentivos
Existen numerosas investigaciones sobre los trabajadores de salud comunitarios (tsc), que abarcan los más de 30 años durante los cuales el concepto ha sido objeto de estudio. A pesar de lo anterior, las motivaciones de los tsc y la eficacia de los incentivos monetarios no son ampliamente comprendidas. Con el apoyo de la teoría de la autodeterminación como marco analítico, el presente artículo expone algunos de los roles y de las funciones desempeñados por los tsc en los sistemas de salud comunitarios, así como las motivaciones que los impulsan, analizando, a la vez, los distintos factores que alientan o desincentivan tales motivaciones.
Trabalhadores comunitários da saúde – motivação e incentivos
A literatura sobre Trabalhadores Comunitários da Saúde (TCSs) é extensa, abrangendo mais de 30 anos de interesse no conceito. Apesar disto, o entendimento sobre a motivação dos TCSs e da efetividade de incentivos monetários é limitado. Utilizando a Teoria da Auto-Determinação (TAD) como estrutura explicativa, o artigo apresenta algumas das tarefas e funções que os TCSs têm realizado dentro dos sistemas de saúde e comunidade, a motivação dos TCSs e como fatores diferentes melhoram ou agravam a partir disto. 相似文献
The indigenous plants and fish of Niger are incorporated into the Songhai people's daily life but are largely underemphasised in development programmes. In this paper we describe the culturally appropriate foods of Tallé, Niger. Based on information obtained from 42 participants using interviews and focus groups, we identified 11 commonly consumed fish species, 22 plant species, and nine factors that made them culturally appropriate: taste, perceived health effects, economic value, use as snacks or staple, storability, seasonal availability, use in celebrations, abundance, and cultural identity. We conclude with a discussion of how local knowledge can be incorporated into development programmes.
Cultivés, pêchés et cueillis : définir des aliments culturellement appropriés à Tallé, au Niger
Les plantes et le poisson autochtones du Niger sont incorporés dans le quotidien des Songhais, mais on ne leur accorde généralement pas une attention suffisante dans les programmes de développement. Dans cet article, nous décrivons les aliments culturellement appropriés de Tallé, au Niger. Sur la base d'informations obtenues de 42 participants à l'aide d'entretiens et de groupes de réflexion, nous avons identifié 11 espèces de poisson fréquemment consommées, 22 espèces de plantes et neuf facteurs qui les rendent culturellement appropriés : goût, effets perçus sur la santé, valeur économique, utilisation comme en-cas ou denrées de base, facilité de conservation, disponibilité saisonnière, utilisation lors de célébrations, abondance et identité culturelle. Nous concluons par une discussion sur la manière dont les connaissances locales peuvent être incorporées dans les programmes de développement.
Cultivados, cazados y recolectados: la definición de alimentos culturalmente adecuados en Tallé, Níger
Las plantas y los peces endémicos de Níger han sido incorporados a la dieta cotidiana del pueblo songhai. Sin embargo, dicha dieta recibe escasa atención de parte de los programas de desarrollo. En el presente artículo, los autores analizan aquellos alimentos culturalmente adecuados en Tallé, Níger. Apoyándose en la información recopilada entre 42 personas que participaron en entrevistas y en grupos de enfoque, los autores identificaron 11 variedades de peces consumidas con frecuencia, 22 especies de plantas, así como nueve factores que determinan que estos alimentos sean culturalmente adecuados: sabor, efectos percibidos en la salud, valor económico de los mismos, posibilidad de uso como tentempiés o como alimentos principales, período de almacenamiento, disponibilidad estacional, uso de los mismos en celebraciones, abundancia e identidad cultural. El ensayo concluye realizando un análisis acerca de cómo los conocimientos locales pueden ser incorporados a los programas de desarrollo.
Cultivados, colhidos e coletados: definindo alimentos culturalmente apropriados em Tallé, Níger
As plantas e peixes consumidos pelos indígenas de Níger estão incorporados na vida cotidiana das pessoas de Songhai mas, geralmente, recebem pouco destaque nos programas de desenvolvimento. Neste artigo, descrevemos os alimentos culturalmente apropriados de Tallé, Níger. Com base nas informações obtidas de 42 participantes utilizando entrevistas e grupos de enfoque, identificamos 11 espécies de peixe frequentemente consumidas, 22 espécies de plantas e nove fatores que os tornam culturalmente apropriados: paladar, percepção de seus efeitos na saúde, valor econômico, uso como aperitivo ou alimento básico, armazenagem, disponibilidade sazonal, uso em comemorações, abundância e identidade cultural. Concluímos com uma discussão de como o conhecimento local pode ser incorporado em programas de desenvolvimento. 相似文献
