An unusual case of identification by DNA analysis of siblings

A badly decomposed body required identification by means of DNA analysis. A brother and sister of the deceased were available as reference subjects. Although investigation of Y-chromosomal markers established an exclusion condition, autosomal markers suggested a positive identification. In order to increase the reliability of the tests, X-chromosomal markers were also investigated. This analysis showed the body to have an XXY genotype (Klinefelter's syndrome). A number of hypotheses were assessed using biostatistical methods, ultimately resulting in a definite identification. The special aspect of Klinefelter's syndrome proved highly useful for biostatistical analysis.     

法官受制定法约束的理论谱系及其评价--基于德国法学方法论视角的考察

自19世纪以来,法官受制定法的约束问题成为法学方法论研究的主要问题之一。概念法学的理论追求是将法官视为"涵摄机器";自由法学理论则强调法官具有造法的权力,将法官视为"法官王";纯粹法学理论提出了"可能框架"模式,法律规范只是为法官的裁判提供一个可能的框架范围。评价法学理论将"法官受制定法的约束"转变为"法官受价值约束"的"价值导向"模式;在20世纪末,法律论证理论提出了一种"理性商谈"模式,尝试解决这一     

Choosing relatives for DNA identification of missing persons

DNA-based analysis is integral to missing person identification cases. When direct references are not available, indirect relative references can be used to identify missing persons by kinship analysis. Generally, more reference relatives render greater accuracy of identification. However, it is costly to type multiple references. Thus, at times, decisions may need to be made on which relatives to type. In this study, pedigrees for 37 common reference scenarios with 13 CODIS STRs were simulated to rank the information content of different combinations of relatives. The results confirm that first-order relatives (parents and fullsibs) are the most preferred relatives to identify missing persons; fullsibs are also informative. Less genetic dependence between references provides a higher on average likelihood ratio. Distant relatives may not be helpful solely by autosomal markers. But lineage-based Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers can increase the likelihood ratio or serve as filters to exclude putative relationships.     

论萨维尼法人代理说的政治旨趣和知识谱系

代理说将法人团体视为一个需要他人监护的法律残废,法人代表者是法人的监护人,代表者的人格与法人人格相互独立、相互平行,代表者直接承担国家法上的侵权和刑事责任,法人的终极监护权掌握在国家手中。从私法角度论,代理说的真正基础是法定代理。从政治旨趣上说,萨维尼的代理说建立于其对社团自治的悲观和拒斥态度之上,是其全能国家观念的体现,是当时德国诸侯割据政治的曲折反映。就知识谱系而言,代理说与当时流行的政治观念息息相通,它们的灵感来源都是罗马家父制。     

中国法学:技术、价值与知识——中国法学的三种基本态势

中国法学目前的现状分为三种,或者说有三个知识谱系。第一个谱系把法学理解为一门技术,这可能是当下中国部门法学一个主流的架构;第二个谱系把法学理解为一套价值体系,是一套价值;第三个知识谱系是把法学作为知识体系。这三个谱系的法学各有其价值和意义,这里我以一个编辑和教书人的双重身份,对中国当下的法学知识形态进行了阅读,阅读是个性化的,包含了对与错。我认为,中国的法学应该是多元的,它是中国法学繁荣的一个标志。     

论税源联动管理的法制机理

税源联动管理机制源于税收流失，是税收实践不断试炼的产物。税源联动管理机制有其独特的联动谱系——横向联动和纵向联动。信息不对称作为一种“客观存在”，是税收征管实践的“常态”，为征管过程中的税收风险提供了滋生的土壤。税源联动管理的法制机理在于：通过“税源联动”突破信息瓶颈，优化税收风险控制，从而实现税收征管方式的现代性嬗变。     

包容性实证主义法学之承认规则类别研究

包容性法律实证主义者认为法律效力的判准包括两类:作为主要类别的“系谱类判准”以及作为次要类别的“内容类判准”。经由承认规则的系谱类判准,包容性实证主义法学理论论证了法律效力乃是由一些明确的社会事实决定的;经由承认规则的内容类判准,其展示了道德包容于法律的另一种可能路径,使法律与道德的可能分离论点得到了进一步说明。     

法治的人本向度——一种知识谱系的考察

法治作为一个复杂的命题,具有多元的发展维度和理论侧重,通过对法治知识谱系的考察,可以发现,主体价值是法治的本体基础,主体行为是法治的事实依据,主体共识是法治的实践旨向,法治未因人本而发端,却以人本为依归,具有深刻的人本向度。     

行政决策的谱系、标准及类型化规制

法律规制的有效性建立在对规制对象特殊性的充分认识上。行政决策的法律规制应对行政决策的谱系有科学的认识,并根据谱系划分进行类型化规制,有针对性地设计实体性和程序性的调控机制,综合运用多样化的方案去回应复杂的决策实践,从而提升法律规制有效性。     

Investigation of Different Ways in Which the CODIS 7.0 May be Used in Mass Disaster Identification

DNA analysis is a key method for the identification of human remains in mass disasters. Reference samples from relatives may be used to identify missing persons by kinship analysis. Different methods of applying the CODIS in disaster victim identification (DVI) were investigated. Two searches were evaluated: (i) relating family relatives to a pedigree tree (FPT) and (ii) relating unidentified human remains to a pedigree tree (UPT). A joint pedigree likelihood ratio (JPLR) and rank were calculated for each search. Both searches were similar in average JPLR and rank. In exceptional cases, namely the existence of a mutation different from the CODIS model, a nonbiological father, a mistake in STR, or incorrect profile association, the UPT search returned one true rank, whereas the FPT search returned no results. This paper suggests a novel strategy to overcome these limitations and increase efficiency in conducting identification of mass disaster victims.