Theoretical and empirical specification of a model of informal labeling

Recently criminologists have begun to explore the importance of disaggregating frequency measures of self-reported delinquency into the separate decisions of initiation and continuation. Given that labeling makes predictions concerning continuation, the purpose of this paper is twofold. The first is to test the ability of an informal labeling model to predict the decision to continue delinquent behavior once it is initiated. The second purpose is to address the broader question of whether disaggregation matters. The findings support the idea that the informal labeling model is predictive of the decision to continue delinquent behavior. The findings also suggest that, at least for a measure of general delinquency, there are some differences to be found by choosing the appropriate sample and form of the dependent variable.     

关于我国公共管理体系建设进程中经济公益诉讼问题的思考

建立健全以公民权利为本位的社会主义民主法制制度是建设公开、公平、公正、透明的公共管理体系的必由之路。随着市场经济的快速发展,与社会公共利益密切相关的经济法纠纷案件日趋复杂,引入经济公益诉讼制度,不仅可以从理论上对社会主义民主法制制度予以完善,而且具有重大的实践意义。本文从经济公益诉讼的启动主体、适案范围、配套保障措施方面提出了关于构建我国经济公益诉讼制度的几点设想。     

Unemployment and the dynamics of offender populations

This paper models the increase in the participation rate of criminal behavior as either the initiation rate or the career length of criminals changes in response to increases in unemployment. Even with large instantaneous increases in unemployment, the models show a very slow increase in the criminal participation rate, giving a possible explanation of the failure of many studies to demonstrate a link between unemployment and crime levels.     

Reduced payer's liability for unauthorized payment transactions under the second Payment Services Directive (PSD2)

In 2015, the European legislator enacted the second Payment Services Directive, which, among other things, determines the payer's liability for unauthorized payment transactions. This paper will show that PSD2 has widened its scope and further reduces the payer's liability for unauthorized transactions, for example by making it impossible to hold the payer liable in case no strong customer authentication has been applied, by requiring supporting evidence to prove the payer's fraud or gross negligence and by applying the same rules when unauthorized transactions are initiated through a payment initiation service.     

立法创制与复决的法律品格

立法创制与复决具有巩固权利自由；权利牵制权力；以及臻于客观立法的法律品格。探究立法创制与复决的法律品格，有利于发现主体间型立法的科学品质，进而对于提升立法的质量，完善我国社会主义法律体系，有所裨益。     

论刑事诉讼中的精神疾病司法鉴定

刑事诉讼中的精神疾病司法鉴定通常在＂有鉴定必要时＂启动,精神疾病司法鉴定人出席庭审,鉴定意见在法庭上接受质证,但是法官并不完全受制于鉴定意见。我国刑事诉讼中精神疾病司法鉴定属于职权型启动,当事人的相关权利保障不足,精神疾病司法鉴定的意见难以在庭审时接受充分质证,对精神疾病司法鉴定意见的采信缺乏统一的规则。应当加强我国司法机关运用职权启动精神疾病司法鉴定的义务,鉴定人原则上应当出庭,并规范法官对精神疾病司法鉴定意见的采信。     

消费需求、市场启动与经济增长

从经济学意义上看,社会宏观经济的增长主要来自两种力量推动:一种是生产或投资的推动即供给推动,另一种就是最终消费需求拉动即消费推动。根据经济学意义上的“短边原则”,在短缺经济时代,居民消费需求的增长决定于投资的增加和产品供给的增加,因而经济增长源于生产或者说供给的推动;而在买方市场时期,由于消费需求成为产品价值实现和厂商投资需求的最终决定因素,因而经济增长的决定力量也转而由消费需求推动。     

论社会主义性别平等制度的构建与创新

20世纪20年代末至40年代,中国共产党在其领导的根据地建立的性别平等政策奠定了社会主义性别平等制度的基础;新中国男女平等政策与法律的颁布,建构起了社会主义性别平等制度的内涵;1995年男女平等基本国策的确立和贯彻,进一步完善了社会主义性别平等制度.     

普通公民也应享有对法律文件审查的启动权——由一个地方性法规与国家部委文件适用争议案例引发的思考

当法律文件违反其上位法时,最好的解决办法是通过审查后对其予以撤销或改变,使其中违法的内容失去效力。我国虽有一套较为健全的法律文件冲突解决的规则,但在实践中这些规则几乎派不上用场,原因在于法律文件审查的启动权方面存在问题。要想真正解决我国普遍存在的法律文件冲突现象,使既有的法律文件冲突规则发挥作用,关键措施之一是,法律应当明确赋予普通公民对法律文件审查的启动权,并设计一套启动审查法律文件冲突的程序,使法律文件冲突审查真正走上常规化、制度化和法制化轨道。     

Running the gauntlet: An examination of initiation/hazing and sexual abuse in sport

Abstract

When does sport initiation become sexual abuse? What can sport organisations do to ensure that the practice of sport is a safe and high quality experience for all? In this paper research on the initiation practices used by the military and North American universities and sport teams is used to explore links between such practices and physical and sexual abuse. In particular, the dynamics of peer abuse, consent and expressions of masculinity are examined. We question whether there can be acceptable initiation practices in sport (Hoover, 1999) and challenge the place of these ‘macho rituals’ (Weinstein et at, 1995) in sport. We make particular use of an expanded version of the continuum of sexual abuse (Brackenridge, 1997b) and of the sport imperatives identified by Kirby, Greaves and Hankivsky (2000). The paper concludes with recommendations for best practices in athlete-centred sport.