对作为行政诉讼“通道”的功能性概念的再认识

鉴于目前学界对具体行政行为概念的诸多歧义 ,有必要对这一作为行政诉讼“通道”的功能性概念重新命名。借鉴德国的行政处分概念 ,可将“具体行政行为”称为“行政处理决定”或“行政处理行为” ,以完善我国的行政诉讼制度     

认真对待司法经验——兼论《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第64条

民事诉讼《证据规定》第64条第一次以司法解释的形式,明确规定了法官在没有法律规定,或者法律规定不明的情况下,运用日常生活经验进行自主判断的权力,为法官的“无法”司法提供了制度依据。而法官的自由裁量离不开司法经验,广义的司法经验是泛指司法实践活动中逐渐形成和积累的关于法、法律和案件纠纷处理方面的知识和技能,是整个司法实践活动中形成的司法职业共识。狭义的司法经验则仅指法官个人在司法实践活动中的心得和体会,以及逐渐积累的知识和技能。在成文法背景下,司法经验的功能主要体现在法官的事实审理过程,具体地讲,司法经验在司法认知、事实推定、法律和证据选择、证据判断和证据采信等方面具有重要作用。因此,应当重视司法经验,并且在司法实践中合理利用司法经验;同时为防止司法自由裁量权的滥用,将司法经验的使用限制在合理的制度允许的范围内。     

论创建学习型公安机关的方法和途径

创建学习型公安机关是创建学习型社会的重要组成部分,是提高公安机关整体队伍素质的有效途径。创建学习型公安机关的主要方法和途径:建立共享目标;团队学习;改善民警的心理状态;激发民警的个人潜力;构建公安机关的长效机制。     

The relative weight of character traits in political candidate evaluations: Warmth is more important than competence,leadership and integrity

Decades of research has found that voters’ electoral decisions to a significant degree are affected by character evaluations of candidates. Yet it remains unresolved which specific candidate traits voters find most important. In political science it is often argued that competence-related traits are most influential, whereas work in social psychology suggests that warmth-related traits are more influential. Here we test which character trait is the more influential in global candidate evaluations and vote choice using observational data from the ANES 1984–2008 and an original experiment conducted on a representative sample of English partisan respondents. Across the two studies we find that warmth is more influential than competence, leadership and integrity. Importantly, results hold across a wide range of alternative specifications and robustness analyses. We conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications of the results.     

从我国台湾"警检一体"存在的问题看我国警检关系的完善

针对我国警检关系出现的问题,有人提出了警检一体化模式.通过对我国台湾警检关系存在问题的分析,可以看出警检一体并不能解决我国当前警检关系存在的问题.目前,首先应对我国警检关系存在的优势和缺陷进行明确,从正反两方面借鉴警检一体模式,以检察引导侦查似乎是一可行方案.     

论社会形势中的不确定性与社会稳定

社会形势中的不确定性是指国际国内形势中对我国安全与稳定有可能产生严重影响乃至全局性影响的潜在因素。它具有参量增多,内容与形式多样化;变量剧增,引发各种突发事件的概率提高;能见度差,演变过程与趋势不清晰等主要特征。所以,必须运用自然科学方法研究社会形势中的不确定性,努力把握由模糊关系和偶然性造成之不确定性,建立社会形势“安全阀”、“缓冲带”,提高控制有组织犯罪的能力,建立健全社会安全与稳定的预警机制。     

论中外合作经营企业的法律性质及法律特征

国际投资企业形式包括股权式合营企业和契约式合营企业两种。从中外合作经营企业产生的背景分析，它是在中国具体国情中独创出来的一种企业形式，其法律性质在于它是对中外合资经营企业法的灵活变通，这种变通表现在其法律特征之中。中外合作经营企业各方权利义务虽不尽相同，但仍符合平等互利的法律原则和国际惯例。     

一个证据学上的矛盾——基于逻辑相关性之非品格理论为依据的品格证据禁止规则与概率原理

品格证据禁止规则是普通法上的一项传统证据法则,过去未经指控的类似错误行为被界定为品格证据而被禁用。不过在司法实践中,法院往往可以根据概率原理对上述行为证据作无关品格的推测从而承认其可采性。尽管近年来也有学者对通过概率原理来采信类似错误行为证据加以批评,但是在尊重品格证据禁止规则的同时,依照概率原理果断采信证明力较高的证据是符合普遍的经验法则的。     

Language translation for file paths

Forensic examiners are frequently confronted with content in languages that they do not understand, and they could benefit from machine translation into their native language. But automated translation of file paths is a difficult problem because of the minimal context for translation and the frequent mixing of multiple languages within a path. This work developed a prototype implementation of a file-path translator that first identifies the language for each directory segment of a path, and then translates to English those that are not already English nor artificial words. Brown's LA-Strings utility for language identification was tried, but its performance was found inadequate on short strings and it was supplemented with clues from dictionary lookup, Unicode character distributions for languages, country of origin, and language-related keywords. To provide better data for language inference, words used in each directory over a large corpus were aggregated for analysis. The resulting directory-language probabilities were combined with those for each path segment from dictionary lookup and character-type distributions to infer the segment's most likely language. Tests were done on a corpus of 50.1 million file paths looking for 35 different languages. Tests showed 90.4% accuracy on identifying languages of directories and 93.7% accuracy on identifying languages of directory/file segments of file paths, even after excluding 44.4% of the paths as obviously English or untranslatable. Two of seven proposed language clues were shown to impair directory-language identification. Experiments also compared three translation methods: the Systran translation tool, Google Translate, and word-for-word substitution using dictionaries. Google Translate usually performed the best, but all still made errors with European languages and a significant number of errors with Arabic and Chinese.     

我国公民非法出入境的形态、特征及防治

非法出入境的犯罪行为严重损害了国家的声誉和国际形象,给我国的政治、经济和社会治安带来了很大危害。目前对非法出入境的治理认识不足,基础工作薄弱,预防打击不力,各有关部门权责不明,尚未形成有效合力。为此,必须通过改革建立适合我国国情的治理机制,加强内外合作,有效治理和打击非法出入境犯罪活动。