The Governance of Cross-Border Data Flows in Trade Agreements: Is the Cptpp Framework an Ideal Way Out?

The regulations of cross-border data flows is a growing challenge for the international community. International trade agreements, however, appear to be pioneering legal methods to cope, as they have grappled with this issue since the 1990s. The World Trade Organization (WTO) rules system offers a partial solution under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which covers aspects related to cross-border data flows. The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) have also been perceived to provide forward-looking resolutions. In this context, this article analyzes why a resolution to this issue may be illusory. While they regulate cross-border data flows in various ways, the structure and wording of exception articles of both the CPTPP and USMCA have the potential to pose significant challenges to the international legal system. The new system, attempting to weigh societal values and economic development, is imbalanced, often valuing free trade more than individual online privacy and cybersecurity. Furthermore, the inclusion of poison-pill clauses is, by nature, antithetical to cooperation. Thus, for the international community generally, and China in particular, cross-border data flows would best be regulated under the WTO-centered multilateral trade law system.     

Past as global trade governance prelude: reconfiguring debate about reform of the multilateral trading system

This paper peers backwards into the history of the multilateral trading system and its development over the past half century as a means of considering what may lie beyond the horizon for the future of global trade governance. Its purpose is to underscore the necessity and urgency for root-and-branch reform of the multilateral trading system. It achieves this by comparing and contrasting the global trading system of 50 years ago with its modern-day equivalent and its likely future counterpart half-a-century hence. In so doing, the paper throws into sharp relief not only the inadequacies of global trade governance today but also the damaging consequences of not fundamentally reforming the system in the near future, with a particular emphasis on the past, present and future development of the world’s poorest and most marginalised countries.     

俄罗斯加入世贸组织:影响美俄关系的《杰克逊—瓦尼克法案》能否被终止?

俄罗斯于2012年8月正式加入世界贸易组织。加入世贸组织,为俄罗斯加快经济发展提供了难得的发展机遇,但目前美国仍未给予俄罗斯永久正常贸易关系。影响美俄关系的《杰克逊—瓦尼克法案》能否被终止?《谢尔盖·马格尼茨基法案》能否成为替代品?这已成为今后一个时期美俄关系的重要风向标。     

Brexit: A Cliff Edge or a Small Bump in the Road?

It is becoming increasingly accepted, not least by the Prime Minister and opposition leadership, that the negotiation of a comprehensive trade relationship with the EU is necessary to prevent the UK economy falling off a ‘cliff edge’. This concern is shaping the UK's strategy towards negotiations with the EU and has provided at least part of the motivation for the UK to consider requesting a transition period to facilitate the Brexit process. But how accurate are these fears? What evidence is there for the existence of a ‘cliff edge’? How disastrous would it be for the UK to revert to trading with the EU on the same basis as most other countries in the world, namely according to World Trade Organisation rules? This article seeks to address these issues and it highlights a number of implications for policy makers which flow from understanding the available evidence a little more clearly.     

经济全球化背景下的中国自由贸易区之路

在经济全球化背景下，除世界贸易组织外，区域经济一体化已产生越来越重要的影响。文章介绍、分析了具有代表性的世界主要自由贸易区和中国发展自由贸易区的现状和特点，提出了中国发展自由贸易区的具体建议。     

论WTO中的发展权

发展权是作为个体的人和作为人的集体的国家和民族自由地参与和增进经济、社会、文化和政治的全面发展并享受发展利益的一种资格或权能,是全体人类对全面发展的本质要求。发展权已超越国际人权法的特定范围,成为指导包括WTO在内的国际关系各领域的一般国际法原则。WTO规则的实体规范和程序规范均包含了有利于发展中国家和人民发展权实现的因素,但其在整体上有利于发达国家而不是发展中国家。将发展权这种综合性的人权纳入WTO,可以在整体上矫正GATT/WTO运行以来所奉行的传统发展理论对人权的漠视和侵害,并按照人权的要求对WTO进行民主化改革,强化WTO以人为本的精神,以人权的规尺推进全球公平正义的实现,而不是将其作为已有特殊和差别待遇的辅助措施。     

中国加入世贸组织十年来的经验与教训——以国际规则的认识和运用为视角

中国入世十年来发展成就巨大,也面临着越来越多的贸易摩擦,主要原因之一就是中国企业对国际贸易规则和法律的认知及运用还有待提高.在认识和了解国际规则、增强国际规则意识的基础上,中国还应当加强对国际规则的运用,更要参与完善旧的国际规则体系.     

WTO协定中必要性检验适用上的竞合及解决

世界贸易组织许多协定都有必要性检验的规定，而某一措施可能会同时涉及两个或两个以上的协定，因而会出现必要性检验适用上的竞合。对这些必要性检验竞合应采取适当的途径予以具体解决。     

刑法解释方法的适用位阶

刑法的适用离不开解释，实践中由于对众多的解释方法没有形成一个统一的适用顺序，使得针对同一案件因为运用的解释方法不同而形成不同的解释结论的情况屡见不鲜．极大地影响了刑法的安定性和权威性。确定刑法解释方法的适用位阶势在必行。我国刑法理论界对此基本持赞同的态度。但对于解释方法适用的具体序列，学者们观点各异。综合我国理论界的观点以及借鉴WTO争端解决中的有益做法，建议我国在适用刑法的解释方法时应该遵循这样一条顺序，即从以查词典为开端的文义解释到系统解释再到目的解释。系统解释中根据对“系统”范围的不同界定，又分别包含了体系解释、合宪性解释和历史解释。     

论WTO争端解决机制的特色——以与GATT的对比为核心

WTO争端解决机制是在GATT争端解决机制的基础上建立起来的。WTO争端解决机制作为向多边贸易体制提供安全及可预见性的核心制度,是成员方解决政府间贸易争端的强制性及排他性的合法渠道,是一种以法律规则为基础的国际争端解决机制。本文试从GATT到WTO争端解决机制的形成过程入手,并从争端解决方式,处理步骤,约束力方面以及对发展中国家的影响四方面对GATT和WTO下的争端解决机制进行对比分析,在此基础上,针对我国国情,对中国适用争端解决机制时提出一些建议。