Is Narco‐Violence in Mexico Terrorism?

Mexico's drug ‘war’ produced 100,000 deaths between 2006 and 2012. The extreme violence has raised the notion that Mexico has become a failed state wracked by terrorism. We categorise the forms of narco‐violence in Mexico in light of the literature on terrorism and contemporary Mexican politics. Our study suggests three overlapping dimensions of narco‐violence that should be considered terrorism: (a) narco‐terror as a struggle for regional political control; (b) narco‐terror as a practice ordered by cartel leaders rather than spontaneous violence of foot soldiers; and (c) narco‐terror as an expansion strategy from solely drug trafficking to other kinds of organised crime.     

论我国专利联盟反垄断审查的制度构建

对专利联盟的反垄断法审查应当适用“个案审查与效果评估”的基本原则,专利联盟合法性要件包括有效专利、互补性专利、必要性专利、独立专家判断以及确定的限制范围。专利联盟的反垄断审查主要包括卡特尔管制和滥用市场支配地位行为禁止。     

Legislative success in open sky congresses: weak gatekeeping prerogatives and the loss of majority support

In legislatures with weak gatekeeping institutions and constrained plenary time, scheduling rules and majority requirements explain inter-party differences in the consideration and approval of law initiatives. In this paper a mixture survival model is used to analyse legislative success in a legislature with very weak gatekeeping prerogatives, the House of Representatives of Uruguay. Evidence is provided that the loss of majority support depletes plenary time more rapidly and yields an ideological drift that benefits the median voter of the House. The results inform recent debates on the endogenous formation of a plenary schedule in open sky legislatures.     

Mexico: Cartels,corruption and cocaine: A profile of the Gulf cartel

This text constructs a profile of one of Mexico's most powerful organised crime groups, the Gulf cartel. The text analyses the power of the cartel in the international system, the effects globalisation has had on its operations, the threats it poses to the state, and the obstacles the state faces in countering transnational organised crime groups.     

美国反垄断刑事政策及其对我国反垄断立法的启示

美国反垄断刑事政策由成文法、反垄断判决指南与宽免政策三部分组成。近年来,美国司法部加大了反垄断刑事政策的实施力度,收效显著。美国的反垄断刑事政策对许多国家的反垄断立法产生了重要影响,其中以英国最为显著。中国应当借鉴美国的成功经验,对固定价格、划分市场、串通投标等卡特尔进行严厉制裁,包括追究卡特尔的刑事责任;建立透明、可预测的宽免政策,加强反垄断执法的国际合作等等。     

The executive on the battlefield: government amendments and cartel theory in the Chilean Congress

This article argues that cartelised coordination inside Chilean congressional committees is important for understanding the success rates of presidential initiatives. By way of an analysis of the amendment process undertaken both in the Chamber and Senate committees in the Chilean Congress during 2006–10, the authors review the approval patterns of legislative amendments. The analysis suggests two chief findings: coordination between government parties and the executive is crucial for the success of amendment; and the opposition’s success in generating legal transformations depends on the construction of inter-coalition alliances. It is hoped that the perspective offered here will contribute to the current literature on cartel party theory in Latin America.     

国际反垄断法的不确定性及其发展

随着国际经济的发展 ,国际统一市场的不断完善 ,贸易法不断地国际化 ,规制国家经济行为的国际法规范不断增多。由于存在海外经济行为日益增多 ,商业国际化不断加强 ,贸易法的自由化和国际化 ,WTO框架内新的贸易机制扩大了贸易法范围且涉及竞争条款等原因 ,反垄断法的国际化已不可避免 ,形成一个普遍的国际反垄断制度成为必要。普遍的国际反垄断制度既可以适应国际经济自由化的进一步发展 ,又可以克服目前国际反垄断法制中的不确定性。由于国际反垄断法调整对象的双重性 ,国际反垄断法可分成两种不同的规则。在国际立法中 ,两种规则分别立法将会取得更大的成效。     

The formation of an international environmental agreement as a two-stage exclusive cartel formation game with transferable utilities

We construct a two-stage exclusive cartel formation game with utility transfers to model the formation process of an international environmental agreement. Our results show that in the first stage of low degree of consensus, engaging in utility transfers by asymmetric countries will accomplish little. In contrast, in the second stage of higher degree of consensus, it is more likely for asymmetric countries to engage in monetary transfers to form the grand coalition, particularly if a small stable coalition has already been formed in the first stage. This article therefore provides a theoretical perspective to explain why it is more likely for some developed countries to initiate an IEA formation process by forming a small stable coalition first before engaging in monetary transfers to form the grand coalition with all the other countries. Such a perspective is consistent with the historical development of the Montreal Protocol and may also explain the difficulty for asymmetric countries to form the grand coalition at the beginning of the IEA formation process of the Kyoto Protocol.

我国关于垄断协议法律规制的缺陷分析——兼评《中华人民共和国反垄断法（送审稿）》

规范垄断协议是世界各国反垄断法的重要内容,也是反垄断法中最受关注、制裁最为严厉的部分。我国的反垄断法经过学者们的“千呼万唤”,终于送交审议。《中华人民共和国反垄断法(送审稿)》经过两年以来的不断调整与修正,与“草拟稿”相较更加合理、更加完善,但是对垄断协议的界定、豁免、法律责任等方面仍存在不足,尚需进一步的调整与完善,以使之更有效地保障市场竞争机制的良性运行。     

反垄断从宽处理制度及其中国化

反垄断从宽处理制度旨在减免公法责任以吸引卡特尔成员主动投案并揭发他人的违法事实,是国际上通行的一种发现和打击卡特尔的有效机制。从宽处理制度分为多种类型,其共同的先决条件有三个,即:提出申请、提供有效信息、完全配合反垄断执法机构的查处。中国具有与该制度相契合的传统法律土壤,也具备建构该制度的现实法律依据。但是,我国反垄断法律体系内部的冲突、执法权归属的模糊、行政法律责任的薄弱与缺失等因素,使得该制度在中国的实施面临隐忧。