知识产权罚款的碎片化及其整合——以《著作权法》、《专利法》修正为背景

行政罚款在我国知识产权行政保护中运用频仍。目前,知识产权领域相关法律文本中的罚款规范,在适用范围、构成要件、设置方式、启动程序等方面呈现出浓烈的碎片化色彩。这种碎片化处理的正当性略显不足,掣肘了行政保护的整体效能。随着知识产权法相继进入修法日程,逸脱知识产权领域樊篱、整合行政罚款规范,迎来了历史契机。基于知识产权的公权化趋势及我国法治生态,行政罚款在知识产权领域内应无差别地适用于一般违法行为和特定侵权行为;为维系行政与民事既有分工,行政罚款对侵权行为的谦抑适用,不宜通过简单附加"造成公共利益损害"要件或"提出请求"的前置程序来实现,而应借助对公益损害的典型描述与具体列举相结合的方式加以表达;鉴于公共利益的抽象性及经济社会发展变迁性,罚款额度宜选择以非法经营额为基数的倍率式罚款为主的一体化配置,同时将违法所得额在特殊情况下作为罚款限额之例外。

The Fragmentation and Integration of Administrative Penalty in Intellectual Property Law——on the Prospective of Amendment of Patent Law and Copyright Law

The administrative monetary penalty is the most used means in the enforcement of intellectual property law.However,the phenomenon of fragmentation has appeared more and more in the application scope,the condition of construction and the means of setting for the fines.Such situation not only hasn’t enough scientific foundation,but also blocks the system function of administrative protection on the intellectual property right.It is a valuable opportunity to resolve those questions followed by the fragmentation when almost all intellectual property laws are in the process of revising or will enter into this process.Based on the transformation of the intellectual property right from the private to the public and the ecology of law in China,the administrative monetary penalty should be applied to the illegal actions and the torts without difference in the field of intellectual property.In order to comply the traditional division between the public law and the private law,the goal of administrative fines’limited application for the torts could be realized by specifying the damage of public interests,not by adding simply the requirement of public damages or imposing the application in the procedure.In the aspect of setting,it is maybe more reasonable to adopt the sum of illegal management as the base of fines than the illegal gains which can be set as the upper limit when this kind of gain surpasses the statutory limit.