论责任保险与侵权法的关系——兼论两者的发展趋势

责任保险与侵权法是现代损害赔偿体系中最为重要的两种制度,两者的发展具有互动性关系,在功能上则具有协作性关系.现代损害赔偿体系具有救济、惩戒和预防三大基本功能,其中救济功能的对象是受害人,惩戒功能的对象是加害人,而预防功能的对象是社会.在救济功能方面,责任保险具有更大的优越性,但也有其不能覆盖的区域.在惩戒功能方面,侵权法的惩戒体现在过错责任下的加害人故意和重大过失,过错责任下的加害人一般过失以及严格责任、公平责任并不体现惩戒功能.在预防功能方面,两者具有同等功效,均能引导当事人预防事故发生.

The Relationship and Development Tendency between Liability Insurance and Tort law

Liability Insurance and Tort Law are the most important rules in today’s compensation for damage system.They are interactive in development and collaborative in functions.The three basic functions of the modern compensation for damage system are relief,punishment,and prevention.Relief is aimed at the victim,punishment is directed against the perpetrator,and the prevention function is in the light of the whole society.As far as relief is concerned,Liability Insurance is more superior to Tort Law.But there are still some areas that Liability Insurance could not cover.As for punishment,Tort Law functions only when the perpetrator commits intentional torts or has gross negligence,but for general negligence,strict liability,and fair liability,we could see its punishment functions.As to prevention function,these two rules play equal roles.Both can guide people to prevent the accidents.