丹尼尔·贝尔对马克思的三重误读

基于所处时代哲学任务的需求,马克思恩格斯在阐述其理论时强调经济基础的作用,而鲜有对文化领域的观照。而马克思逝世后,科技理性所带来的巨大影响、国际工人运动的走向、资本主义和社会主义社会结构的发展以及现代性危机的涌现,似乎与马克思理论的阐述都有所不同。如此种种,引发了西方学者对于马克思文化观、社会发展理论的误读,以及对现代性问题实质的误判,出现了经济决定论、唯物史观过时论等论调。其中,丹尼尔·贝尔则是这种思潮的代表,他以“意识形态终结论”“资本主义文化矛盾”“后工业社会”等大观念为基础,构建了西方社会发展的理论体系,却无不映现其曲解、否定马克思主义,宣扬历史唯心主义观念论的错误。从马克思的社会发展理论、文化观和现代性问题三个层面对贝尔的误读进行梳理和回应,可澄明马克思主义理论的生命力和解释力。

Daniel Bell’s Three Misreadings of Marx’s Thought

Based on the needs of the philosophical task of their time,Marx and Engels emphasized the role of economic foundation while expounding their theory,but seldom paid attention to the cultural field.After Marx’s death,the great influence brought by scientific and technological rationality,the trend of international workers’movement,the development of capitalist and socialist social structure,and the emergence of the crisis of moder⁃nity,seem to be different from the exposition of Marx’s theory.All these have led to the misinterpretation of Marx’s cultural view and his theory of social development,as well as the misjudgment of the essence of the is⁃sue on modernity,and the emergence of arguments such as economic determinism,historical materialism as an outdated theory,by Western scholars.Among them,Daniel Bell is the representative of this trend of thought,who built the theoretical system of Western social development on the basis of great ideas such as“the endism of ideology”,“the cultural contradictions of capitalism”,and“post-industrial society”,but all of them reflected the errors of his distortion and denial of Marxism and his advocacy of historical idealism.From three aspects,i.e.Marx’s theory of social development,his cultural view,and the issue on modernity,this article sorts out and responds to Bell’s misreadings,and clarifies the vitality and explanatory power of Marxist theory.