明末清初“西学东渐”对纳兰性德的影响

清初西学在中国的传播,可由纳兰性德《通志堂集》所含西学知识窥见一斑。《通志堂集》为清初学者徐乾学于纳兰逝后所编,其中有若干内容涉及西学知识,包括天文历法、科技制作、医药学、宗教及语言文字等方面。纳兰西学知识的来源,其中对自鸣钟的了解,来自于直接接触实物,其他则主要依赖阅读与传闻。纳兰直接阅读过的西学书籍至少有《七克》和《西儒耳目资》,很可能还包括《泰西水法》,但他未必通读过李之藻编的《天学初函》。纳兰对西方实用的科技制作以及天文历法持赞叹与肯定态度,而对天主教为传播教义攻击佛道的做法则有所不满。纳兰的西学知识一定程度上反映了西学于清初在东方传播、影响的广度和深度,而他对“西学东渐”的态度在清初一般士人中亦具有一定的代表性。

The Influence of the Eastward Transmission of Western Learning in Late Ming and Early Qing on Nara Singde

The eastward transmission of Western learning in China in the early Qing Dynasty can be seen from Western knowledge contained in Nara Singde’s Tongzhi Tang Ji(Collected Works of Nara Singde),compiled after the death of Nara by Xu Qianxue,a scholar in early Qing,including knowledge of Western learning.Nara's knowledge of the striking clock comes from the direct contact with the material object,while other knowledge relies on his reading and hearsay.Books about Western learning Nara had read directly includes at least the Qi Ke(The Seven Cardinal Sins Overcome by the Seven Cardinal Virtues)and the Xiru Ermu Zi(An Audio and Visual Guide for Western Literati),and probably the Taixi Shuifa(Methods of Hydraulic Machinery of the Great West),but he may not have read through Li Zhizao*s Tianxue Chuhan(The Preliminary Collection of the learning from Heaven).Nara praised and affirmed the Western practical scientific and technological production and astronomical calendar,but was not satisfied with the practice that Catholicism attacked Buddhism and Daoism in order to spread its doctrines.To some extent,his knowledge of Western learning reflects the spread and influence of Western learning in the East in early Qing,while his attitude was also quite representative at that time.