Administration of the Persian achaemenid world-state empire: implications for modern public administration

In recent years several authors have explored the subject of “Policy/Program Implementation”, nevertheless, it remains the least understood element in the administrative policy process. Amid this confusion a number of distinct academic as well as practical approaches to implementation have been produced. These include: 1) descriptive studies, 2) evaluative research, 3) feasibility analysis, and 4) private sector strategies. This discussion explores briefly these various approaches drawing linkages between intellectual and applied elements. It is concluded that implementation should be a vital consideration from the beginning of the policy formulation/program selection process, but that the logical point for improving implementation procedures is at the juncture with programs reveiws and evaluations.