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Referendums on Independence, 1860–2011
Authors:MATT QVORTRUP
Affiliation:Matt Qvortrup is author of Referendums and Ethnic Conflict (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014) and teaches law and politics at Cranfield University.
Abstract:
There have been more than 50 independence referendums since the middle of the 19th Century when Texas, Virginia and Tennessee—albeit unsuccessfully—voted to leave the USA. A handful of plebiscites were held in each decade after 1945, but most independence referendums were held after the break‐down of communism. Most have resulted in majorities for independence. However, such plebiscites have been rare in countries with established systems of democratic government and the results may not be a fair reflection of the views of the voters. When referendums have been held in democratic countries, they have often resulted in a no‐vote (though Montenegro is an exception to the rule). Referendums have on a few occasions resulted in the exacerbation of ethnic conflict, such as in Bosnia‐Herzegovina and in East Timor. But generally speaking referendums are not correlated with civil war; indeed, war resulted in only 13 percent of the cases.
Keywords:Referendum  Nationalism  Plebiscite  Scotland  Political Campaigns
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