清代云南铜矿开发的制度演化及"官治铜政"的特征

清代云南铜矿开发经历了一个由"听民开采"向"官治铜政"制度转变及"放本收铜"经营方式的确立过程。其制度方式的转变,主要是为了适应铜矿开发中对流动资金的客观需求,该制度的确立对云南铜矿开发起到了积极的促进作用。

The Evolution of Yunnan's Copper Mining System in the Qing Dynasty and the Features of "Government Monopoly of Mining"

Yunnan's copper mining in the Qing Dynasty had gone through a transition from "free mining by the people" to"government monopoly of mining" and to the establishment of the system under which"government invested, the businessmen mined, but eventually the government monopolized the marketing of the products." The practice took on four types of features. This evolution resulted from a desire to control circulating funds by both the government and businessmen. However, the final establishment of the system had promoted Yunnan's copper mining business.