A study to investigate the evidential value of blue and black ballpoint pen inks in Australia |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;2. Forensic Document Services Pty Ltd., P.O. Box 543, Queanbeyan, NSW 2620, Australia;3. Forensic Services, Australian Federal Police, Locked Bag A3000, Sydney South, NSW 2000, Australia;4. Forensic Services, Australian Federal Police, G.P.O. Box 401, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;1. The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt;2. Egyptian forensic Medicine authority, Egypt;3. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt;4. Faculty of Advanced Basic Sciences, Galala University, Suez, Egypt;1. Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia;2. Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Mandi 175001, Himachal Pradesh, India;3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia;4. Forensic Laboratory Royal Malaysia Police College, 43200, Batu 9 Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia;1. Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Central Analytical Laboratory, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, 03046 Cottbus, Germany;2. TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, 1060-Vienna, Vienna;3. Physics and Chemistry Sector, Forensic Science Laboratory of Polícia Judiciária, Ed. Sede da Polícia Judiciária, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-007 Lisboa, Portugal;4. Latent Fingerprint Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National H.Q., Jerusalem 9780204, Israel;5. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga. Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29071 Málaga, Spain;6. Department of Experimental Physics, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;7. ENEA, Department FSN-ING, C.R. Brasimone, 40032 Camugnano, BO, Italy;8. King''s College London, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, SE1 9NH London, UK;9. Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, POBox 191, 2802 Gjøvik, Norway;10. Universidade do Porto, ICT-Pólo Porto, DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências, Porto, Portugal;11. Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, S1 1WB Sheffield, UK;12. Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands;13. ENEA, Department FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, RM, Italy;14. Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Edificio 7i, 46022 Valencia, Spain;15. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Lab, Central Service to Support Research Building (SCAI), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;p. Slovac Academy of Sciences, Intitute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovak Republic;q. Regional Scienitific Support Services Yorkshire and the Humber, Peel Avenue, Calder Park, Wakefield WF2 7UA, UK;r. University of Latvia, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, Raina Blvd 19, Riga LV-1586, Latvia;s. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, 90-543 Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, Poland;t. Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;u. Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB The Hague, The Netherlands;v. University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Viseslava 1, 11000 Beograd, Serbia;w. State Forensic Science Bureau, Latvia, Invalidu Str. 1, Riga LV1013, Latvia;x. Physics Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova St. 3, Skopje, North Macedonia;y. University of Bergamo, Department of Law, Via Moroni 255, 24127 Bergamo, Italy;z. Biology Centre, ISB, CAS, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Na Sadkach 7, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;11. Scientific and Practical Centre of the State Forensic Examination Committee of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus;12. University of Malta, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Msida MSD2080, Malta;13. Centre for Forensic Soil Science, James Hutton Institute, UK, AB15 8QH;14. Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany;15. Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, S1 1WB Sheffield, UK, presently at Foster+Freeman, Evesham, UK;1. Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale (IRCGN), France;2. Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), Canada |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this project was to investigate the evidential value of blue and black ballpoint pen inks in Australia. For this purpose, 49 blue and 42 black ballpoint pen inks, of different brands, models and batches, representative of those ballpoint pens available on the Australian market at the time of the study, were analysed by three techniques: filtered light examination (FLE); reflectance visible microspectrophotometry (MSP); and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The results showed that the power of the individual techniques to discriminate inks between and within brands, models and batches varied, the most informative techniques being TLC>FLE>MSP. The greatest degree of differentiation was achieved when using a combined sequence of techniques, the discriminating power being 0.99 and close to 1 for blue and black inks, respectively (different brands and models). In respect to the discrimination between different batches of a same brand and model, it was shown that 14 out of the 33 pairs compared could be discriminated. Overall, this study confirmed the high value of the examination of inks when applied to ballpoint pens available in Australia, especially when a combined sequence of techniques is applied. |
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