联合国经济制裁中的人权保护问题研究

联合国经济制裁通常以安理会决议的形式出现,安理会决议具有法律效力,各国有义务全面、严格地执行安理会决议。安理会决议应当遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨及原则,不得与一般国际法强制规律相抵触。当一国出现严重侵犯人权的罪行并怠于履行人权保护义务时,安理会可以代表国际社会对其采取保障人权的必要措施。联合国制裁经历了从"传统制裁"到"聪明制裁"的转变。由于缺少对公正审判权的保护,各国执行"聪明制裁"面临选择困境。针对"聪明制裁"可能引发的人权危机,有必要从制度设计层面入手,明确安理会决议的授权范围,完善"和平之威胁"的判断标准,加强对各国执行安理会决议的监督与审查,保障制裁对象的公正审判权,建立多元化的人权保护救济渠道。在联合国经济制裁中加强人权保护,有利于积极应对国际安全形势变化,有利于促进和平解决国际争端,有利于推动构建人类命运共同体。

Research on Human Rights Protection in United Nations Economic Sanctions

UN Economic Sanctions usually take the form of Security Council resolutions, which have legal effect, and all countries have the obligation to implement them comprehensively and strictly. Security Council Resolutions should abide by the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and should not conflict with the rule of Jus Cogens. When a country commits serious human rights violations and neglects to fulfil its obligations to protect human rights, the Security Council can take necessary measures against it on behalf of the international community. UN sanctions have experienced a shift from traditional sanctions to "Smart Sanctions". Due to the lack of protection of fair trial rights, countries are facing a dilemma in choosing to implement "Smart Sanctions". In view of the possible human rights crisis caused by "Smart Sanctions", it is necessary to clarify the scope of authorization of Security Council resolutions, improve the criteria for judging "threats to peace", strengthen the supervision and review of the implementation of Security Council Resolutions, guarantee the fair trial rights of sanctioned persons, and establish diversified channels for human rights protection. It is important to strengthen human rights protection in UN Economic Sanctions, which is conducive to coping with changes in the international security situation, promoting the peaceful settlement of international disputes and promoting the construction of Community of Shared Future for Mankind.