19世纪马来半岛的社会环境与华人秘密结社

19世纪马来半岛是一个典型的移民社会,人口增长飞快,男女比例严重失调,社会关系极不稳定,政治统治力量薄弱,社会冲突频繁不已。移民社会关系的重组和脆弱,以及社会的暴力化倾向,为超自然关系的、并带有武装暴力色彩的华人秘密结社提供了广阔的成长环境。

Social Environment of Malaya and the Development of Ethnic Chinese Secret Societies in the Nineteenth Century

Malaya was a typical migrant society in the nineteenth century. Population grew fast, the proportion of men to women was severely unbalanced, social relations were very unstable, political ruling forces were weak, and social conflicts were frequent. The restructuring and fragility of migrants' social relations combined with the tendency of violence provided the ethnic Chinese secret societies which were characterized by transnatural relations and armed violence with growing environment.