论中国民法典上的抵销

在债权转让的情况下,债务人可以有条件地向债权的受让人主张抵销,不受抵销债权的相互性的制约,甚至不受主动债权必须届期的限制。在不得抵销的情形方面,中国民法典原则上尊重当事人关于禁止抵销的约定,变中国合同法"按照合同性质"不得抵销为"根据债务性质"不得抵销,更为适当。抵销权既可以通知的方式行使,也可以提出抗辩或者提起反诉的方式行使,但反诉/反请求才符合其本质要求。从抵销乃抵销权行使、致使双方的债权在数额相同的范围内消灭这个层面观察,裁判者不得依职权适用抵销的规定。抵销不得附条件或者期限应有例外。应区分抵销的生效与债权消灭两个概念,抵销自抵销通知到达对方时生效;但抵销消灭债权的效果溯及自抵销条件成就之时而非抵销通知到达之时。在两项债务非产生于同一合同关系或虽产生于同一合同关系但并非立于对价关系的情况下,加上裁判者坚持履行抗辩权构成的通说,宜主张抵销。第三人向被执行人主张抵销的债权非属强制执行申请人与被执行人之间的交易结果时,抵销可以对抗强制执行。如于受质权设立的通知之前,第三人已经取得了对于出质人的债权,其抵销权不应因出质人为其债权人设立质权而受妨碍。

On Offset in Chinese Civil Code

In the case of the assignment of creditor’s rights,the debtor may conditionally seek setoff against the assignee of the creditor’s right without being subject to the mutuality of offsetting claims or limited by the period of active claims.In the case where offset is forbidden,the Chinese Civil Code respects in principle the parties’agreement on the prohibition of set-off.It is appropriate to change the basis of the prohibition rule of offset from"the nature of the contract"in Contract Law to"the nature of the debt".The offset right can be not only exercised through notification,but also exercised in the form of a defense or counterclaim.It is however more suitable in counterclaim.From the aspect that the set-off is the exercise of the right of offset which will cause the claims of both parties to eliminate within the same amount,the judge shall not apply the provisions of set off ex officio.The set-off shall not be conditional or time-limited.Two concepts should be distinguished:the effectiveness of offsetting and the elimination of claims.The Offset is effective when the offsetting notice reaches the other party,while the effect of offset should be traced back to when the conditions for the offsetting are fulfilled,not when the offsetting notice arrives.In the case where the two debts are not caused by the same contract relationship or they are generated by the same contract relationship but not by the consideration relationship,coupled with the general statement that the referee insists on the performance of the right of defense,it is advisable to advocate offset.When the third party claims against the person subject to cancellation that is not a result of a transaction between the applicant and the person subject to enforcement,the cancellation may be against the enforcement.If the third party has obtained the creditor’s right against the pledgor before the notification of the pledgee’s establishment,the offset right should not be hindered by the pledgor’s establishment of the pledgee for his creditor.