试论附保护第三人作用之契约中“第三人”的特性

契约相对性原则是契约法的基本原则.它曾经严格限定了契约责任的范围.随着契约相对性原则被突破,契约对第三人的保护力度得以加强.无论是德国法上的附保护第三人作用之契约还是美国商法典中的利益第三人担保责任,都扩大了契约对第三人的保护效力,从而使契约对第三人的保护问题有了新的发展.如何界定第三人的范围问题成为热点中的焦点,本文从附保护第三人作用之契约是对合同相对性挑战开始论述,认为分析第三人范围的前提是明白此种制度建立的目的、意义和基础,并在比较德国和美国立法的基础之上论述了确定第三人范围的要件,最后强调此制度中的第三人与其他第三人制度中的第三人应当严格区别.

A Talk on the "Third Patry"Characters of the Contract with Additional Protection for the Third Party

The privity of contract is a basic rule of contract law. The scope of contract liability has ever been strictly limited. Along with the breakthrough of the rule, contractual law strengthens the protection for the third party. Whether the contract with additional protection for the third party in German law or warranty liability of the third party with interest in UCC, they both enlarge protection for the third party, which contributes to new development in the protection for the third party. How to define the scope of the third party becomes a focus. This article begins with the case that contract with additional protection for the third party challenges relativity of contract and concludes that the scope of the third party is a premise to understand the intention, meaning and base of establishing this system. Based on the comparison between the legislative basic of Germany and that of America, it formulates the important elements to define the scope of the third party. At last, the article emphasizes the differences between the third party in this system with that in other system.