法国法上的重大过错——兼论对中国法的参照意义

法国法上的重大过错包括重大过失、不可原谅之过失以及故意或欺诈性过错。重大过失主要意义在于部分场合下排除责任限制条款的适用;不可原谅之过失主要适用于劳动事故及职业病、运输损害、交通事故领域,用以加重行为人责任或削减受害人权利;故意或欺诈性过错之意义在于一般性地排除责任限制条款的适用。三种过错的识别,从侧重客观因素的考察到侧重主观因素的考察。基于法国法的相关经验,我国《合同法》第113条及《工伤保险条例》相关规定均有值得检讨之处。

The Gross Fault in French Law——with Enlightening Significance on Chinese Law

The gross fault in French law includes gross negligence,unexcused negligence,intentional or fraudulent fault.The effect of gross negligence can in some circumstances exclude the application of rules which limit the damages.The effect of unexcused negligence is mainly applied to aggravate the misfeasor＇s liability or to mitigate victim＇s rights in case of industrial accident and occupational diseases,damages caused by breach of transport contract,and traffic accident.The effect of intentional or fraudulent fault rests with general exclusion of the application of the rules limiting the damages.The identification of these three types of faults has shifted the emphasis of evaluation from objective factors to subjective factors.In light of these references from French law,pertinent regulations in Chinese law such as Article 113 of Contract Law and Regulations on Work-Related Injury Insurance should be reviewed therefore.