故意犯与过失犯的客观归责——德国刑法中客观归责理论对我国的借鉴

故意被认为是对实现构成要件的知与欲,行为人必须认识到客观上有实现构成要件可能的事实,即有可能侵害法益的风险。如果行为人所认识的事实不是客观上可能实现构成要件的事实,故意就不成立。否定客观构成要件,即否定了故意,客观归责理论使得故意犯认定的重心移转到客观构成要件上。针对过失责任,客观归责论提出较有体系的限制标准。违反注意义务在传统过失理论当中是和过失划上等号的概念。相对于注意义务的违反,客观归责理论有较详细的具体内容,且其提出有说服力的标准,有助于一般人清楚理解构成要件要素的内涵。注意义务这个用语在法律上不明确,如果以客观归责的内容作为判断标准,将能清楚表达过失犯的意义。

The Objective Imputation of Intentcrime and Defectcrime—Referenceto China of the Theory of Objective Imputation in German Criminal Law

The intent is regarded as the cognition and conation to realize composing element.The actor must be cognizant of the fact which is possible to realize composing element objectively,namely the risk which way harm the legal benefit.If the fact known by the actor is not the one which may achieve the composing element objectively,there is no intent.Without objective composing element,we must negative the intent.In the theory of objective imputation,the focal point to judge intent crime is objective composing element.For the defect responsibility,the theory of objective imputation provides limitative criteria with a system.In the traditional defect theory,violating attention duty is equivalent to defect.Compared with the violation of attention duty,the theory of objective imputation contains detailed and specific content.In addition,its convincing criteria makes the normal person understand clearly the meaning of composing element.The word of attention duty isn＇t specific in law.If we judge by the content of the theory of objective imputation,we can grasp the meaning of defect crime.