Evaluation of photometric stereo and elastomeric sensor imaging for the non-destructive 3D analysis of questioned documents – A pilot study |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia, United States;2. Houston Forensic Science Center, United States;1. Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB The Hague, the Netherlands;1. Centre for Forensic Science, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, NE1 8ST Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom;2. Northumbria Sport, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom;3. King’s Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom;1. Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia, United States;2. Houston Forensic Science Center, United States;3. Carnegie Mellon University, United States;1. Hacettepe University, Institute of Sciences, Division of Forensic Science, Ankara, Turkiye;2. Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkiye;3. Üsküdar University, Forensic Science Department, Istanbul, Turkiye |
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| Abstract: | Photometric Stereo and Elastomeric Sensor Imaging were assessed for measuring the 3-dimensional (3D) morphology of questioned document samples. Photometric stereo is shown to be a powerful non-contact technique for revealing micron level detail of the samples examined. Elastomeric Sensor Imaging is shown to complement photometric stereo by yielding equivalent results. Additionally, this technique allows quantification of the morphological depth information. The techniques were applied to 2 different types of questioned document sample. Firstly, written signatures were examined. Both techniques were able to reveal characteristic features that could be used to infer stroke direction and ink line application sequence. Secondly toner/ink intersections were examined. Both techniques allowed visualisation of 3D features which were used to infer the sequence of application. |
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| Keywords: | 3D Questioned documents Photometric stereo Elastomeric sensor imaging |
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