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Background levels of body fluids and DNA on the shaft of the penis and associated underpants in the absence of sexual activity

Institution:	1. Formerly of Forensic Science Northern Ireland, 151 Belfast Road, Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim BT38 8PL, Northern Ireland;2. Cellmark Forensic Services, Buckshaw Link, Ordnance Road, Buckshaw Village, Chorley, Lancashire PR7 7EL, United Kingdom;3. Formerly of Key Forensic Services, 207C Cavendish Place, Birchwood Park, Warrington WA3 6WU, United Kingdom;4. Department of Justice and Equality, Forensic Science Ireland, Garda Headquarters, Phoenix Park, Dublin 8, Ireland;5. Eurofins Forensic Services, Sir Alec Jeffreys Building, Peel Avenue, Calderpark, Wakefield WF2 7UA, United Kingdom;6. SPA Forensic Services, Scottish Crime Campus, Craignethan Drive, Gartcosh G69 8AE. United Kingdom;7. Forensic Science Northern Ireland, 151 Belfast Road, Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim BT38 8PL, Northern Ireland;1. Centre for Forensic Science, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, NE1 8ST Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom;2. Northumbria Sport, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom;3. King’s Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, SE1 9NH London, United Kingdom;1. Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India;2. Department of Prosthodontics, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India;3. Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India;4. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India;5. Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India;1. Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia;2. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia;3. Centre for the Forensic Sciences, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, UK

Abstract:	This study examines the background of blood, saliva, semen and autosomal DNA on penile swabs and underpants from males in the absence of recent sexual activity. Based on the data collected by the AFSP Body Fluid Forum, the results of this study show that; there is a very low expectation of detecting blood on penile swabs and male underpants; a low expectation of detecting saliva on penile swabs and male underpants; and spermatozoa would be expected in less than a quarter of penile swabs and three quarters of male underpants. As none of the samples had detectable levels of DNA which were suitable for meaningful comparison that did not match the donor or their partner, the expectation of detecting a DNA profile from the cellular background on penile swabs or underpants from a male who has not been involved in recent sexual intercourse is very low. The results of this study are extremely informative when evaluating the significance of blood, saliva, semen and DNA detected on the penile swabs and underpants of males in cases of alleged sexual assault.

Keywords:	Body Fluid Forum DNA transfer Sexual offence Penis Underpants Background DNA Evaluation AFSP BFF"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0045"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"AFSP Body Fluid Forum AFSP"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0055"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"UK and Ireland Association of Forensic Science Providers FFLM"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0065"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine ENFSI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0075"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"European Network of Forensic Science Institutes
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