迪尔凯姆的社会学研究方法管窥——以《自杀论》为视角

迪尔凯姆指出，社会学要想成为一门真正的社会科学，就必须与各种浅见划清界限，并将独立于行动者意识与意志的社会事实作为自己的研究对象。迪尔凯姆将这一指导思想运用在其著作《自杀论》中，以具有集体意向的自杀率为研究对象，对自杀进行了溯源分类，并通过用经验的结论反复进行比较以提出理论假设，进而用演绎鉴别方法检验得出的结论是否可信来验证理论。迪尔凯姆结束了社会学史上理论研究与经验研究相脱节的局面，《自杀论》则为社会学实证研究提供了经典范例，但其也存在定义不清晰和理论不具有证伪性的不足。

On Durkheim’s Methodology for Sociological Research

According to Durkheim,to make sociology a real social science,we must separate the theory from other superficial views,and take social facts as objects for research,which must be independent from individuals’ consciousness and will.Durkheim applied this view into his book,"On Suicide",taking the rate of group-conducted suicide as object,and classified the behaviors.He made comparisons between the conclusions of experiences and thus put forward his theoretical hypothesis.Further more,he proved his theory by deducing whether his conclusions were true.Durkheim ended the situation,in sociological research,that theoretical researches were separated from experiences.The book,"On Suicide",has provided classical examples for sociological experimental researches.However,the book also showed its disadvantages such as unclear definition and weak proof against false theories.