民法视野下的人体法益构造——以人体物性的科技利用为背景

近现代民法体系所持的"人体为主体人格之一部"的立场系建立在传统人物两分理论基础之上,该理论虽有助于彰显人的主体价值和尊严,但在处理因人的活体、尸体、离体组织和基因的科技利用所生法律问题上,已显现出部分失灵和易加剧人体物性利用与人性尊严保障之间价值冲突的不足。人与物或人格与财产的区分并非绝对不容许因应时代变迁而作必要修正。通过逻辑的、价值的、实践的和法释义学的综合考量,理论上可以得出,有限地承认人体为物,并将"人体财产权"和人类作为物种享有的"类的人性尊严"纳入到人体法益构造体系之中,能较好地克服以上不足。在以公序良俗原则限制人体或其一部的利用和处分时,应建立和实践"人性尊严关联度原则"。

Legal Interests of Human Body from the Civil Law Perspective

The modern civil law doctrine that "the human body is part of natural person''s personality" is based on the traditional theory of distinguishing between human beings and things, established by Kant and other classical philosophers. This doctrine, as a consensus reached in a specific historical context, serves to highlight the value and dignity of human beings. However, it has shown some deficiencies when dealing with legal problems resulting from scientific use of human bodies, remains, tissues and genes and, in some cases, even aggravated the value conflict between the utilization of human body and the protection of human dignity. The traditional doctrine of distinguishing between human beings and things or between personality and property is not absolute, but allows for necessary modification along with the passage of time. A comprehensive consideration of the issue from logical, value, practical and legal dogmatic perspectives leads to the following conclusion: recognizing that the human body is to a certain extent also a property and incorporating "the property right of human body" and "dignity of human being as a species" into the system of legal interests of human body will not only enable us to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies, but also provide us with a new legal perspective to the problems caused by the scientific use of human body. When using "public order and moral" as ground for limiting the use and disposition of the human body or part of it, "the rule of relevancy to humanity dignity" should be established and practiced so as to balance the welfare value and ethical value relating to the use of human body.