中国制造业外迁：现状和启示

保持产业链稳定是制造业高质量发展的重要基础，然而近年来中国制造业外迁现象越来越明显。中国低端制造业主要向东南亚、南亚以及墨西哥外迁，纺织服装产业和电子制造业外流态势明显。中高端技术密集型制造业回流至发达国家的趋势也明显增强，设备行业、化工行业以及计算机电子行业是回流的重点行业。在低端制造业迁出、中高端制造业企业回流的情况下，中国存在低端制造业“空心化”、中高端制造业“停滞化”“空白化”风险。因此，中国要实现制造业持续高质量发展，应防范劳动密集型低端制造业大量过快外迁，尽可能推动劳动密集型传统优势产业首先稳步向国内中西部地区转移、加强供应链生产端的配套能力、提升低端制造业自动化和智能化水平以及不断提高产业创新水平。

The Transfer of Chinese Manufacturing: Status,Causes, Impacts and Recommendations

Keeping the share of manufacturing industry basically stable is an important foundation for the stability of the industrial chain, however, the transfer of Chinese manufacturing has become more and more obvious in recent years. China's low-end manufacturing industry mainly moves out to Southeast Asia, South Asia and Mexico, within which the outflow of textile and garment industry and electronic manufacturing industry is obvious. The trend of mid-end and high-end technology-intensive manufacturing industries reshoring back developed countries has increased, with equipment, chemical and computer electronics industries being the key industries. Under the situation that the low-end manufacturing industry outflows to other developing countries and the mid-end and high-end manufacturing industry reshore back to developed countries, there is a “hollowing out” of the low-end manufacturing industry and “stagnation” and “blanking out” of the middle and high-end manufacturing industry in China. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable high-quality development of the manufacturing industry, China should prevent a large number of low-end manufacturing industries from largely out-flowing. It is recommended to relocate labor-intensive industries in the central and western regions of China as far as possible, strengthen the supporting capacity of the production end of the supply chain, improve the automation and intelligence level of low-end manufacturing industries, and continuously improve the level of industrial innovation.