“规范性力量”遭遇“新大博弈”:欧盟在中亚推进民主的三重困境

作为“规范性力量”的欧盟,一直在中亚地区实施民主推进计划,以扩散西方自由、民主、人权、善治和法治等价值观念。为了评估欧盟在中亚地区推进规范议程的效果,本文构建了一个涵盖欧盟“自我”和中亚地区相关“他者”的分析框架。对于欧盟“自我”,本文着重考察了其规范绩效状况;对于中亚地区的相关“他者”,则着重分析了俄罗斯对欧盟形成的规范竞争,以及中亚国家对欧盟规范议程产生的规范共鸣现象。就欧盟在中亚地区推进自由民主模式产生的规范绩效、规范竞争与规范共鸣而言,其表现均不尽人意,且难以在短期内扭转。面对上述困境,欧盟意识到应着眼于中亚地区更长远的发展态势,以一种潜移默化的方式引导各国通过渐进的方式走上西方式发展道路。2019年6月,欧盟新出台的中亚战略正是反映了这一思路。

The Normative Power Europe in the New“Great Game”:EU’s Three Dilemmas in Its Democracy Promotion Efforts in Central Asia

Viewing itself as a‘Normative Power’,the European Union has always been endevouring to promote democracy in Central Asia and spreading its values such as freedom,human rights,good governance and rule of law.In order to assess the outcome of the EU’s democracy promotion efforts in Central Asia,this paper constructs a framework covering both the EU as the‘Self’and the related actors in Central Asia as the‘Others’.With regard to the EU‘self’,this paper evaluates the normative performances of its actions.While as to the reactions from the‘Others’,this paper first analyses the normative competition between the EU and the other great powers in Central Asia,and then appraises the normative responses from the Central Asian countries to the EU’s democracy agenda.In general,the EU’s effort to promote democracy in Central Asia has met strong challenges and its effects are rather limited.Viewing from the perspectives of normative performance,normative competition and normative resonance in relation to the EU’s democracy promotion efforts in Central Asia,the achievements of the EU are barely satisfactory.Under these circumstances,the EU has recognized that it should focus on the longer-term development of this area and shape the normative agendas of these countries in a gradual approach.The new strategy on Central Asia adopt by the EU in June 2019 reflects such an orientation of the EU.