德国刑事司法实践中证人拒绝作证的新发展——从两个案例出发

中国学界近年一直激烈讨论外国法中的＂非法证据排除制度＂,其中包括德国刑事诉讼法中的证据禁止制度。对于德国刑事诉讼法第55条规定的＂不得自证其罪原则＂和第52条至第54条规定的＂拒绝作证权＂的讨论尤为激烈,纷纷主张在中国建立相应的刑事诉讼制度规范,以保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和证人的权益。德国法判例表明,违背＂不得自证其罪原则＂将导致德国法上的证据使用禁止。另外,德国法庭审判强调直接审理原则,其中调查程序中的笔录不可以作为证据在法庭审判中宣读,甚至对于传闻证据——调查程序中进行审讯的警察和检察官——也不可以作为证人出庭作证。

Analysis on the New Development of the Right to Refuse to Prove of the Witness in the Practice of German Criminal Justice-from Perspective of Two Cases

Recently Chinese scholars have had an intense discussion about the Exclusion system of illegally-obtained evidence in foreign law, among these foreign laws is the exclusionary rule in the German Criminal Procedure Law. Article 55 of the German Criminal Procedure Law provides ＂the principle against self-incrimination,＂ and Article 52 to 54 examine ＂the right to refuse to prove.＂ The latter articles in particular have given rise to intense discussion in China, which plans to establish a new corresponding Criminal Procedure system to protect the rights of suspects, defendants and witnesses.The precedents from the German Law demonstrate that violation of ＂ the principle against self-incrimination ＂ results in the exclusion of any evidence so obtained. In addition, German Law emphasizes the principle of direct trial, in which the recordings obtained in the course of the investigation can not simply be read out as evidence in the court, and also that even for hearsay evidence, the police and prosecutors who have investigated the case before the trail can not be as a witness to prove in the court. For the audio and video recordings in the investigation made in the course of an investigation, the German Law utilizes the ＂ two-dividing-method＂ to deal with it separately.