论口岸的渊源、定义、分类及功能

口岸起源与国家边界相关。无论是边界相对模糊的古代王朝还是现代边界清晰的国家边界,均需要国家之间相互交流的通道,只不过通道名称因疆域、交通手段变化不一而已。现代国家口岸是双方或多方国家在边境或境内交通枢纽设立的供人货通行的官方通道,它由边界、界碑、国门、海关等象征国家主权的建筑和边检机构、边检通道、边防哨所、边贸市场等组成。口岸按批准开放的权限可划分为一类口岸和二类口岸;按依托的交通条件可划分为航空口岸、水运口岸、铁路口岸、公路口岸;按检验手段可以分为电子口岸和实检口岸;按实际功用可以分为内部通商口岸和边境口岸;按对应国家多少分为第三方口岸与双边口岸。口岸的功能是“通”“控”兼有,安全通达。

On the Origin,Definition, Classification and Function of Ports

The origin of the port is consistent with the national border.Whether it is an ancient dynasty with a relatively vague border or a modern country with a clear border,it requires a channel for exchanges between the people of the frontier and the country,but the names of the passages between countries are different in different eras.The port in modern country is the official passage for people and goods established by two or more countries at the border or domestic transportation hub.It consists of borders,boundary pillars,national gates,customs and other building which can symbolize the national sovereignty.And it also consists of border inspection agencies,border inspection channels,border guard posts or a border checkpoint.The ports can be divided into the first class port and the second class port according to the authority of approval for opening,and can be divided into air ports,water transport ports,railway ports and highway ports according to the traffic conditions.And according to inspection methods,ports can be divided into electronic ports and actual inspection ports.According to actual functions,the ports can be divided into internal business travel ports and border ports.And they can also be divided into tripartite ports and bilateral ports according to the number of corresponding countries.The function of the port is communication and control,and it is safe and accessible.