比例原则的适用范围与限度

比例原则是对限制公民权利的国家权力的限制,其适用需要满足一定的前提条件。比例原则保护的是一种相对权利,审查的是国家权力行使的合理性问题,不可克减的公民权利以及目的正当性不在其适用范围内。比例原则具有独特的内涵和价值功能,没有必要也不应当在民法、刑法等部门法中普遍适用,理应回归行政法这一固有领地。为适应国家任务的多样性,比例原则在关注侵益行政行为的同时,也应当向授益行政行为和互益行政行为的领域拓展,但“最小侵害”的严格标准和“法益均衡”的目标追求,决定了其主要用于规制常态意义下的行政权力行使,在紧急状态中的适用要受到一定限制。

Application Scope and Limits of the Principle of Proportionality

The principle of proportionality is a restriction on the state power that restricts civil rights,and its application needs to meet some specific prerequisites.The principle protects the relative rights of citizens and examines the rationality of the exercise of state power.Non-derogable civil rights and the legitimacy of purpose do not fall within the scope of its application.The principle of proportionality has unique connotation and value function.It should return to its inherent territory of administrative law,and it is neither necessary nor appropriate to be widely applied in the fields of civil law,criminal law and other branch laws.In order to adapt to the diversity of state tasks,the principle of proportionality should not only pay attention to burden administrative acts,but also expand its application to beneficial administrative acts and mutually beneficial administrative acts.However,the strict standard of“minimum infringement”and the goal of“balance of legal interests”determine that this principle can only be used to regulate the exercise of administrative power under normal conditions,while its application to the exercise of administrative power in a state of emergency needs to be subject to certain restrictions.