《民法典》夫妻共同债务构成法理基础论

关于夫妻共同债务构成的法理基础,现有法律、司法解释的规定基本存在两个范畴:一个是物权法财产共同共有理论,并试图把婚姻家庭内部行为与外部行为区别开来,提出夫妻共同财产包括积极财产和消极财产(消极财产即夫妻共同债务),该理论的核心是"财产共有则债务共担"。另一个是"法律行为理论",其影响夫妻共同债务构成最主要的是夫妻双方有否共同意思问题,存在共同意思时举债行为为夫妻共同行为,应当共同承担责任;不存在共同意思时举债行为为一方个人行为,后果应当由行为人个人承担。同时,为了补充其可能在婚姻家庭领域夫妻债务规则可能出现的不足,当这种行为带来的利益用于夫妻共同生活、共同生产经营时,也应当构成夫妻共同债务。"法律行为理论"已经成为夫妻共同债务构成的法理基础,而且《民法典》夫妻共同债务的规定明显表现出"法律行为理论"的特征。在夫妻共同债务构成上,两种理论比较,"法律行为理论"明显优于财产共同共有理论。

Research on the Legal Basis of Marital Joint Debts in the Civil Code

The current study on the legal basis of marital joint debts is basically discussed in the following two categories:One is to settle in the field of real right law and try to distinguish between the internal and external conduct of the marital family,proposing that the joint property of spouses includes positive property and negative property(the marital joint debt).The core of this theory is"common property is shared debt".The other is to solve the problem of the marital joint debts through the"legal behavior theory",which affects the formation of husband and wife’s joint debt most importantly is whether the husband and wife have the common meaning.When there is a common meaning,the borrowing behavior is a joint act of husband and wife,and the joint responsibility should be shared;When there is no common meaning,the borrowing behavior is a personal act of one party,and the consequences should be borne by the individual of the actor.At the same time,in order to supplement its possible deficiencies in the rules of marital family,when the benefits of such conduct are used for the couple’s living together,the debts constitute the marital joint debts.The"legal behavior theory"has become the legal basis of the marital joint debts.Moreover,the provisions of the marital joint debts in the Civil Code clearly show the characteristics of the"legal behavior theory".Compared with the two theories,the"legal behavior theory"is obviously superior to the"joint property theory".