正当防卫认定客观标准的反思与出路——以英美法系为视角

正当防卫的认定标准在英美法系与大陆法系中大相径庭。在英美法系中,正当防卫的成立采用主观标准,以行为人为视角,以"真诚而合理"为纽带构建体系。英美法系主观化标准的引入有利于弥补大陆法系正当防卫制度的不足。以防卫限度为例,行为过当说、结果过当说、二重标准说各有不足,究其原因,大陆法系在正当防卫成立条件上均以客观事实为标准,因而机械生硬。除此以外,客观标准在对假想防卫主观心态、未成年人防卫限度等问题的解决上捉襟见肘,引入英美法系主观判断标准颇有裨益。

Reconsideration and Solution of the Objective Standard for Justified Defense---From the Perspective of Common-law System

The standard of justifiable defense in common-law system differs from that in civil-law system. In common-law system, the subjective standard has been set up, emphasizing the perspective of behaviors and the im-portance of "honesty and reasonability". This subjective standard is believed to make up the weaknesses of the jus-tified defense system in civil-law system. Taking the defense limit as the exmple, in civil-law system, the theory of behaviors more than justified, the theory of results more than justified, or the theory of double standards are all im-perfect, and the reason lies in the fact that civil-law system tends to accept objective facts as the standard which turns out to be rigid. Besides, the objective standard cannot solve such problems as judging the real state of mind in the imaginary defense and the defense limit for the juveniles. Therefore, we can reap the benefits if we can intro-duce the subjective standard from common-law system.