以基本权利为核心的贸易与人权一元论——评彼德斯曼对贸易与人权关系的理论建构

贸易与人权的关系问题是贸易关联问题研究的重要组成部分。与从国际贸易法和人权法的二元规范关系角度进行探讨有所不同,彼德斯曼的WTO权利宪法论以内涵扩张的基本权利为核心,将其建构为贸易权与其他人权在权利谱系中的一元关系问题。这种一元论依托于实质意义的立宪意义上的宪法观念,即宪法的最优异特征是确认和保障公民的基本权利。一元论在理论上的不足,显现在贸易权的宪法性质不明、公共利益条款的扩大解释自相矛盾、WTO实质宪法的基础规范缺位以及权利谱系欠缺发展权等4个方面。目前在多边贸易体制的国际层面,贸易权与其说是一种基本权利,毋宁说是一种基本权的制度保障。

The Monism of Trade and Human Rights Based on Fundamental Rights: On E.U. Petersmann's Theoretical Structure of the Relationship of Trade and Human Rights

Relationship between trade and human rights is of great significance in the study of trade issues.Different from imploring the dualism of the normative relationship of international trade law and international human rights law,the WTO constitutionalism,based on the fundamental rights with extensive connotation,develops a monistic relationship including trade and other human rights.This monism anchors on constitutional notions with substantial constitutionalist meanings,indicating that the most striking feature of a constitution lies in its affirmation and protection of citizens' fundamental rights.The theoretical structural defects of the monism conspicuously prove implicitness of the constitutional element connected with right of trade,contradiction of liberal interpretation of public interests clauses,absence of basic norms of substantial constitution of the WTO and lack of right of development.Indeed,at present in the international multilateral trade arena,right of trade should be deemed an institutional guarantee of fundamental rights rather than a fundamental right per se.